Proboscis extension response
- Honeybees generalize among pollen scents from plants flowering in the same seasonal period
Summary: The proboscis extension response of honey bees was conditioned using different pollen scents, then tested with novel pollen scents. Honey bees generalized the pollen scents from plants that share the same flowering period.
- Length of stimulus presentation and visual angle are critical for efficient visual PER conditioning in the restrained honey bee, Apis mellifera
Summary: Visual PER conditioning in bees is difficult and less reliable than olfactory learning; stimulus length and visual angle limit the learning performance of bees during PER conditioning.
- Can honey bees discriminate between floral-fragrance isomers?
Summary: Discrimination of floral-fragrance isomers by bees is difficult, even under learning protocols that enhance discrimination; thus, isomers may not necessarily enhance plant odor diversity for pollinators.
- Learning, gustatory responsiveness and tyramine differences across nurse and forager honeybees
Summary: Tyramine improves appetitive learning in nurse bees but not in foragers.
- Walking patterns induced by learned odors in the honeybee, Apis mellifera L.
Summary: Stimulation by reward-associated odorants learned during conditioning of the proboscis extension response induces a characteristic walking pattern in honeybees, which changes during and after the odor stimulus.