developmental programming
- Embryonic developmental oxygen preconditions cardiovascular functional response to acute hypoxic exposure and maximal β-adrenergic stimulation of anesthetized juvenile American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis)
Summary: Juvenile alligators that experienced embryonic hypoxia have a faster rate of ventricular relaxation, greater left ventricle stroke volume and greater cardiac power following β-adrenergic stimulation, compared with juvenile alligators that did not experience embryonic hypoxia.
- Early-life adversity programs long-term cytokine and microglia expression within the HPA axis in female Japanese quail
Summary: Developmental exposure to a non-pathogenic stressor can cause long-term changes in inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine gene expression and microglia abundance in different brain regions involved in stress response regulation.
- Embryonic hypoxia programmes postprandial cardiovascular function in adult common snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina)
Summary: During embryonic development in underground nests, reptiles routinely experience hypoxia, which programmes cardiovascular physiology into adulthood, dictating convective transport during periods of elevated oxygen demand.