Source of wing data
| Insect wing data | Azuma, 2006 |
| Ellington, 1984 | |
| Lehmann and Dickinson, 1998 | |
| Marden, 1987 | |
| Hummingbird wing data | Altshuler, 2001 |
| Chai and Millard, 1997 | |
| Stiles et al., 2005 | |
| Bat wing data | Hartman, 1963 |
| Jones et al., 2003 | |
| Norberg et al., 2000 | |
| Vaughan et al., 2004 | |
| Bird wing data | Slater Museum, 2005–2006* |
| Tennekes, 1997 | |
| Fish pectoral fin data | Hove et al., 2001 |
| Combes and Daniel, 2001 | |
| Walker and Westneat, 2002 | |
| Walker, 2004 | |
| Autorotating seed wing data | Azuma and Yasuda, 1989 |
| Yamada and Suzuki, 1999 |
↵* Online Wing collection of the Slater Museum of Natural History, University of Puget Sound, http://www.ups.edu/x5662.xml