PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Funk, G. D.
AU  - Sholomenko, G. N.
AU  - Valenzuela, I. J.
AU  - Steeves, J. D.
AU  - Milsom, W. K.
TI  - COORDINATION OF WING BEAT AND RESPIRATION IN CANADA GEESE DURING FREE FLIGHT
DP  - 1993 Feb 01
TA  - Journal of Experimental Biology
PG  - 317--323
VI  - 175
IP  - 1
4099  - http://jeb.biologists.org/content/175/1/317.short
4100  - http://jeb.biologists.org/content/175/1/317.full
SO  - J. Exp. Biol.1993 Feb 01; 175
AB  - It remains unclear whether coordination of wing and respiratory movements is universal among birds during flight (Tomlinson, 1963). However, it is certain that many species demonstrate some form of coordination between wing and respiratory movements (Marey, 1890; Groebbels, 1932; Zimmer, 1935; all cited in Hart and Roy, 1966; Tomlinson, 1957, 1963; Lord et al. 1962; Hart and Roy, 1966; Berger et al. 1970b; Butler et al. 1977; Butler and Woakes, 1980). Ratios of wing beat frequency to respiratory frequency (fw/fv) ranging from 1:1 to 5:1 have been described, some species showing variation in fw/fv (Lord et al. 1962; Berger et al. 1970b; Butler and Woakes, 1980).