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Supplementary Material

JEB047159 Supplementary Material

Files in this Data Supplement:

  • Supplemental Figure S1 -

    Fig. S1. The effect of rotation hierarchy order on JCS rotation results. Solid lines indicate X then Y then Z; dashed lines Z then Y then X. We used Z,Y,X in our analysis of joint rotations for this study. Shown are the primary rotations of interest: upper bill elevation and depression at the nasofrontal joint about the Z-axis (Nrz); mandibular depression and elevation at the quadrato-mandibular joint (Mrz); and all three rotations of the quadrate at the quadrato-squamosal joint.

  • Supplemental Figure S2 -

    Fig. S2. Irregular feeding cycles. Shown are upper bill elevation and depression at the nasofrontal joint about the Z-axis (Nrz) and mandibular depression and elevation at the quadrato-mandibular joint (Mrz). In this segment, the upper bill and mandible start out coupled, and then their rotations become gradually more decoupled. (A) Rotations with polarity as in Figs 6 and 7. (B) Polarity of Mrz inverted to make the comparison more clear. The latter cycles are less sinusoidal than the feeding cycles selected for analysis of quadrate motion (Figs 6, 8 and 9).

  • Movie 1 -

    Movie 1. Lateral fluoroscopic video of Duck C feeding on duck chow in water. See Fig. 2 for identification of markers. The video is playing 8.3 times slower than real time.

  • Movie 2 -

    Movie 2. XROMM animation of feeding in Duck C. The movie first shows the duck moving in lab (global) space, which shows the gross head movements, and then shows the mandible, quadrate and upper bill moving relative to the braincase. The quadrate is in red. The nasofrontal anatomical JCS is in place. Notice that rotation about the Z-axis (blue) is the dominant rotation. The movie plays 8.3 times slower than real time.

  • Movie 3 -

    Movie 3. XROMM animation of the upper bill and quadrate moving relative to the braincase. The movie zooms in on the quadrate to show a point on the pterygoid process tracing a path in white spheres (see Fig. 10 for comparison). The movie plays 16.6 times slower than real time.