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Research Article
Masticatory system integration in a commensal canid: interrelationships between bones, muscles and bite force in the red fox
Colline Brassard, Marilaine Merlin, Elodie Monchâtre-Leroy, Claude Guintard, Jacques Barrat, Hélène Garès, Arnaud Larralle, Raymond Triquet, Céline Houssin, Cécile Callou, Raphaël Cornette, Anthony Herrel
Journal of Experimental Biology 2021 224: jeb224394 doi: 10.1242/jeb.224394 Published 5 March 2021
Colline Brassard
1Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution (MECADEV), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, 55 rue Buffon 75005, Paris, France
2Archéozoologie, archéobotanique: sociétés, pratiques et environnements (AASPE), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, CP55, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
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  • ORCID record for Colline Brassard
  • For correspondence: co.brassard@gmail.com
Marilaine Merlin
1Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution (MECADEV), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, 55 rue Buffon 75005, Paris, France
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Elodie Monchâtre-Leroy
3ANSES, Laboratoire de la rage et de la faune sauvage, Station expérimentale d'Atton, CS 40009, 54220 Malzéville, France
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Claude Guintard
4Laboratoire d'Anatomie comparée, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, de l'Agroalimentaire et de l'Alimentation, Nantes Atlantique – ONIRIS, Nantes Cedex 03, France
5GEROM, UPRES EA 4658, LABCOM ANR NEXTBONE, Faculté de santé de l'Université d'Angers, 49933 Angers Cedex, France
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Jacques Barrat
3ANSES, Laboratoire de la rage et de la faune sauvage, Station expérimentale d'Atton, CS 40009, 54220 Malzéville, France
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  • ORCID record for Jacques Barrat
Hélène Garès
6Direction des Services Vétérinaires – D.D.C.S.P.P. de la Dordogne, 24000 Périgueux, France
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Arnaud Larralle
7ONCFS, 24210 Brouchaud, France
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Raymond Triquet
8Université de Lille III, Domaine Universitaire du Pont de Bois BP 60149, Villeneuve d'ascq Cedex 59653, France
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Céline Houssin
9Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), CNRS, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Ecole Pratique des hautes Etudes, Université des Antilles, CNRS, CP 50, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
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Cécile Callou
1Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution (MECADEV), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, 55 rue Buffon 75005, Paris, France
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Raphaël Cornette
9Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), CNRS, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Ecole Pratique des hautes Etudes, Université des Antilles, CNRS, CP 50, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
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Anthony Herrel
1Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution (MECADEV), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, 55 rue Buffon 75005, Paris, France
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ABSTRACT

The jaw system in canids is essential for defence and prey acquisition. However, how it varies in wild species in comparison with domestic species remains poorly understood, yet is of interest in terms of understanding the impact of artificial selection. Here, we explored the variability and interrelationships between the upper and lower jaws, muscle architecture and bite force in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes). We performed dissections and used 3D geometric morphometric approaches to quantify jaw shape in 68 foxes. We used a static lever model and bite force estimates were compared with in vivo measurements of 10 silver foxes. Our results show strong relationships exist between cranial and mandible shape, and between cranial or mandible shape on the one hand and muscles or estimated bite force on the other hand, confirming the strong integration of the bony and muscular components of the jaw system. These strong relationships are strongly driven by size. The functional links between shape and estimated bite force are stronger for the mandible, which probably reflects its greater specialisation towards biting. We then compared our results with data previously obtained for dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) to investigate the effect of domestication. Foxes and dogs differ in skull shape and muscle physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA). They show a similar amount of morphological variation in muscle PCSA, but foxes show lower variation in cranial and mandible shape. Interestingly, the patterns of covariation are not stronger in foxes than in dogs, suggesting that domestication did not lead to a disruption of the functional links of the jaw system.

Footnotes

  • Competing interests

    The authors declare no competing or financial interests.

  • Author contributions

    Conceptualization: C.B., M.M., C.C., R.C., A.H.; Methodology: C.B., M.M., C.H., R.C., A.H.; Software: C.B., M.M., R.C.; Validation: C.B., M.M.; Formal analysis: C.B., M.M.; Investigation: C.B., M.M., C.H., R.C., A.H.; Resources: E.M., C.G., J.B., H.G., A.L., R.T.; Data curation: C.B.; Writing - original draft: C.B., A.H.; Writing - review & editing: C.B., A.H., E.M., C.G., R.T.; Visualization: C.B.; Supervision: C.C., R.C., A.H.; Project administration: C.C., R.C., A.H.; Funding acquisition: C.C., A.H.

  • Funding

    This research was funded by the Ministère de l'Enseignement supérieur, de la Recherche et de l'Innovation.

  • Supplementary information

    Supplementary information available online at https://jeb.biologists.org/lookup/doi/10.1242/jeb.224394.supplemental

  • Received March 2, 2020.
  • Accepted January 28, 2021.
  • © 2021. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd
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Keywords

  • Vulpes vulpes
  • Skull
  • Mandible
  • Jaw muscle architecture
  • Geometric morphometrics
  • Domestication

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Research Article
Masticatory system integration in a commensal canid: interrelationships between bones, muscles and bite force in the red fox
Colline Brassard, Marilaine Merlin, Elodie Monchâtre-Leroy, Claude Guintard, Jacques Barrat, Hélène Garès, Arnaud Larralle, Raymond Triquet, Céline Houssin, Cécile Callou, Raphaël Cornette, Anthony Herrel
Journal of Experimental Biology 2021 224: jeb224394 doi: 10.1242/jeb.224394 Published 5 March 2021
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Research Article
Masticatory system integration in a commensal canid: interrelationships between bones, muscles and bite force in the red fox
Colline Brassard, Marilaine Merlin, Elodie Monchâtre-Leroy, Claude Guintard, Jacques Barrat, Hélène Garès, Arnaud Larralle, Raymond Triquet, Céline Houssin, Cécile Callou, Raphaël Cornette, Anthony Herrel
Journal of Experimental Biology 2021 224: jeb224394 doi: 10.1242/jeb.224394 Published 5 March 2021

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