ABSTRACT
Behavioural innovation and problem solving are widely considered to be important mechanisms by which animals respond to novel environmental challenges, including those induced by human activities. Despite their functional and ecological relevance, much of our current understanding of these processes comes from studies in vertebrates. Understanding of these processes in invertebrates has lagged behind partly because they are not perceived to have the cognitive machinery required. This perception is, however, challenged by recent evidence demonstrating sophisticated cognitive capabilities in insects despite their small brains. Here, we studied innovation, defined as the capacity to solve a new task, of a solitary bee (Osmia cornuta) in the laboratory by exposing naive individuals to an obstacle removal task. We also studied the underlying cognitive and non-cognitive mechanisms through a battery of experimental tests designed to measure associative learning, exploration, shyness and activity levels. We found that solitary bees can innovate, with 11 of 29 individuals (38%) being able to solve a new task consisting of lifting a lid to reach a reward. However, the propensity to innovate was uncorrelated with the measured learning capacity, but increased with exploration, boldness and activity. These results provide solid evidence that non-social insects can solve new tasks, and highlight the importance of interpreting innovation in the light of non-cognitive processes.
Footnotes
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing or financial interests.
Author contributions
Conceptualization: M.Á.C., I.B.; Methodology: M.Á.C., R.M., I.B.; Formal analysis: M.Á.C., I.B.; Investigation: M.Á.C.; Resources: R.M., D.S., I.B.; Data curation: M.Á.C.; Writing - original draft: M.Á.C.; Writing - review & editing: M.Á.C., R.M., D.S., I.B.; Visualization: M.Á.C.; Supervision: R.M., I.B.; Project administration: D.S.; Funding acquisition: D.S.
Funding
This research was supported by a grant from Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (CGL2013-47448-P).
Supplementary information
Supplementary information available online at https://jeb.biologists.org/lookup/doi/10.1242/jeb.232058.supplemental
- Received September 22, 2020.
- Accepted December 9, 2020.
- © 2021. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd
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