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Figures
- Fig. 1.
Qualitative analysis by phase-contrast inverted microscopy of representative fields of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) from the four treatments. (A) Control, and (B) sham, (C) CW 900 MHz and (D) AM 900 MHz samples after an exposure time of 10, 15 and 20 min. Magnification: 10×. Scale bars: 50 μm.
- Fig. 2.
Cellular viability evaluated by MTT assay. Percentage of viable OECs in control, sham, CW 900 MHz and AM 900 MHz samples after (A) 10 min, (B) 15 min and (C) 20 min exposure time. Results are expressed as a percentage of the control. Data were statistically analysed using one-way ANOVA followed by a post hoc Holm–Šidák test to estimate significant differences among groups. Values from four separate experiments are reported as means±s.d. **P<0.01 versus sham.
- Fig. 3.
Qualitative and quantitative analysis of vimentin expression in OECs exposed to electromagnetic fields (EMFs). (A) Fluorescence microscopy images of representative fields of immunostained OECs after an exposure time of 15 min: (i) control, (ii) sham, (iii) CW 900 MHz and (iv) AM 900 MHz. (B) Percentage of vimentin-positive OECs under different conditions after an exposure time of 15 min. (C) Fluorescence microscopy images of representative fields of immunostained OECs after an exposure time of 20 min: (i) control, (ii) sham, (iii) CW 900 MHz and (iv) AM 900 MHz. (D) Percentage of vimentin-positive OECs under different conditions after an exposure time of 20 min. Data were statistically analysed using one-way ANOVA followed by a post hoc Holm–Šidák test to estimate significant differences among groups. *P<0.05 and **P<0.01 versus the respective sham. ‡P<0.05 and ‡‡‡P<0.001 AM 900 MHz versus the respective CW 900 MHz. Data were collected from 10 fields per coverslip in four separate experiments. Magnification: 20×. Scale bars: 50 μm.
- Fig. 4.
Qualitative and quantitative analysis of GFAP expression in OECs exposed to EMFs. (A) Fluorescence microscopy images of representative fields of immunostained OECs after an exposure time of 15 min: (i) control, (ii) sham, (iii) CW 900 MHz and (iv) AM 900 MHz. (B) Percentage of GFAP-positive OECs under different conditions after an exposure time of 15 min. (C) Fluorescence microscopy images of representative fields of immunostained OECs after an exposure time of 20 min: (i) control, (ii) sham, (iii) CW 900 MHz and (iv) AM 900 MHz. (D) Percentage of GFAP-positive OECs under different conditions after an exposure time of 20 min. Data were statistically analysed using one-way ANOVA followed by a post hoc Holm–Šidák test to estimate significant differences among groups. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001 versus the respective sham. ‡‡‡P<0.001 AM 900 MHz versus the respective CW 900 MHz. Data were collected from 10 fields per coverslip in four separate experiments. Magnification: 20×. Scale bars: 50 μm.
- Fig. 5.
Qualitative and quantitative analysis of S-100 protein expression in OECs exposed to EMFs. (A) Fluorescence microscopy images of representative fields of immunostained OECs after an exposure time of 15 min: (i) control, (ii) sham, (iii) CW 900 MHz and (iv) AM 900 MHz. (B) Percentage of S-100-positive OECs under different conditions after an exposure time of 15 min. (C) Fluorescence microscopy images of representative fields of immunostained OECs after an exposure time of 20 min: (i) control, (ii) sham, (iii) CW 900 MHz and (iv) AM 900 MHz. (D) Percentage of S-100-positive OECs under different conditions after an exposure time of 20 min. Data were statistically analysed using one-way ANOVA followed by a post hoc Holm–Šidák test to estimate significant differences among groups. *P<0.05 and **P<0.01 versus the respective sham. ‡P<0.05 and ‡‡‡P<0.001 AM 900 MHz versus the respective CW 900 MHz. Data were collected from 10 fields per coverslip in four separate experiments. Magnification: 20×. Scale bars: 50 μm.
- Fig. 6.
Qualitative and quantitative analysis of nestin protein expression in OECs exposed to EMFs. (A) Fluorescence microscopy images of representative fields of immunostained OECs after an exposure time of 15 min: (i) control, (ii) sham, (iii) CW 900 MHz and (iv) AM 900 MHz. (B) Percentage of nestin-positive OECs under different conditions after an exposure time of 15 min. (C) Fluorescence microscopy images of representative fields of immunostained OECs after an exposure time of 20 min: (i) control, (ii) sham, (iii) CW 900 MHz and (iv) AM 900 MHz. (D) Percentage of nestin-positive OECs under different conditions after an exposure time of 20 min. Data were statistically analysed using one-way ANOVA followed by a post hoc Holm–Šidák test to estimate significant differences among groups. **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001 versus the respective sham. ‡‡‡P<0.001 AM 900 MHz versus the respective CW 900 MHz. §§§P<0.001 sham versus the respective control. Data were collected from 10 fields per coverslip in four separate experiments. Magnification: 20×. Scale bars: 50 μm.
- Fig. 7.
Qualitative and quantitative analysis of caspase-3 cleavage protein expression in OECs. (A) Fluorescence microscopy images of representative fields of immunostained OECs after an exposure time of 20 min: (i) control, (ii) sham, (iii) CW 900 MHz and (iv) AM 900 MHz. (B) Percentage caspase-3-positive OECs under different conditions. Data were statistically analysed using one-way ANOVA followed by a post hoc Holm–Šidák test to estimate significant differences among groups. *P<0.05 and ***P<0.001 versus the respective sham. ‡‡‡P<0.001 AM 900 MHz versus the respective CW 900 MHz. Data were collected from 10 fields per coverslip in four separate experiments. Magnification: 20×. Scale bars: 50 μm.
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