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Research Article
Phylogenetic analysis of maximal oxygen consumption during exercise (V̇O2,max) and ecological correlates among lizard species
Ralph L. Albuquerque, Theodore Garland, Jr
Journal of Experimental Biology 2020 223: jeb229013 doi: 10.1242/jeb.229013 Published 23 December 2020
Ralph L. Albuquerque
Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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  • ORCID record for Ralph L. Albuquerque
  • For correspondence: ralphla@gmail.com
Theodore Garland Jr
Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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ABSTRACT

The maximum amount of oxygen consumed during forced exercise (V̇O2,max) sets the upper limit to the effort that can be sustained over relatively long periods and can limit activity levels in nature. Among ectotherms, V̇O2,max is primarily affected by body size and body temperature, but it should also co-adapt with behavior, ecology and life history aspects. We compiled published data from 11 different families of lizards, including 58 species and 7 populations (total of 65 data points) and tested whether V̇O2,max was related to diet (herbivore, insectivore, insectivore/carnivore, carnivore and omnivore), climate (tropical, temperate and arid), nocturnality, viviparity or family. We fitted models that included body mass and measurement temperature as covariates, and all possible combinations of other independent variables using ordinary least squares (OLS) and phylogenetic regressions assuming an Ornstein–Uhlenbeck model of residual trait evolution (RegOU). The sum of Akaike weights for each independent variable revealed viviparity (Σwi=0.996) and the combined set of dummy variables coding for helodermatids, varanids and skinks (Σwi=0.996) as the most important predictors. These three families had relatively high V̇O2,max and are composed mainly of active foragers that probably benefit from higher V̇O2,max. Viviparity had a negative effect on V̇O2,max. Ecological or behavioral factors associated with viviparity (e.g. activity levels), but not included here, may explain this effect. The average allometric slope of V̇O2,max from the top eight models (which accounted for 99% of the cumulative evidence) was 0.803, which is similar to that reported previously for lizards and for mammals in general.

Footnotes

  • Competing interests

    The authors declare no competing or financial interests.

  • Author contributions

    Conceptualization: R.L.A., T.G.; Methodology: R.L.A., T.G.; Software: T.G.; Validation: R.L.A.; Formal analysis: R.L.A., T.G.; Investigation: R.L.A., T.G.; Resources: R.L.A., T.G.; Data curation: R.L.A., T.G.; Writing - original draft: R.L.A.; Writing - review & editing: R.L.A., T.G.; Visualization: R.L.A., T.G.; Supervision: T.G.; Project administration: R.L.A., T.G.; Funding acquisition: R.L.A.

  • Funding

    R.L.A. was funded from January 2014 to December 2017 by the Science Without Borders program process 8935-13-0 from Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico.

  • Data availability

    An Excel file of the final dataset used for analyses, including body mass, body temperature during V̇O2,max trials and V̇O2,max in ml per hour, is available from the figshare digital repository; the phylogenetic tree is also available as a text file in NEXUS format that can be opened in any text editor, Mesquite, R or various other free software programs, and as a DSC file created from this: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.13150487.v2.

  • Received May 13, 2020.
  • Accepted October 11, 2020.
  • © 2020. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd
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Keywords

  • Aerobic capacity
  • Allometry
  • Comparative method
  • Evolutionary physiology
  • Metabolism
  • Viviparity

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Research Article
Phylogenetic analysis of maximal oxygen consumption during exercise (V̇O2,max) and ecological correlates among lizard species
Ralph L. Albuquerque, Theodore Garland, Jr
Journal of Experimental Biology 2020 223: jeb229013 doi: 10.1242/jeb.229013 Published 23 December 2020
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Research Article
Phylogenetic analysis of maximal oxygen consumption during exercise (V̇O2,max) and ecological correlates among lizard species
Ralph L. Albuquerque, Theodore Garland, Jr
Journal of Experimental Biology 2020 223: jeb229013 doi: 10.1242/jeb.229013 Published 23 December 2020

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