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SHORT COMMUNICATION
The myodural bridge of the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) alters CSF flow
Bruce A. Young, James Adams, Jonathan M. Beary, Kent-Andre Mardal, Robert Schneider, Tatyana Kondrashova
Journal of Experimental Biology 2020 223: jeb230896 doi: 10.1242/jeb.230896 Published 23 November 2020
Bruce A. Young
1Department of Anatomy, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, A.T. Still University, Kirksville, MO 63501, USA
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  • ORCID record for Bruce A. Young
  • For correspondence: byoung@atsu.edu
James Adams
1Department of Anatomy, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, A.T. Still University, Kirksville, MO 63501, USA
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Jonathan M. Beary
2Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, A.T. Still University, Kirksville, MO 63501, USA
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Kent-Andre Mardal
3Department of Mathematics, University of Oslo, 0851 Oslo, Norway
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Robert Schneider
4Department of Family Medicine, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, A.T. Still University, Kirksville, MO 63501, USA
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Tatyana Kondrashova
4Department of Family Medicine, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, A.T. Still University, Kirksville, MO 63501, USA
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ABSTRACT

Disorders of the volume, pressure or circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lead to disease states in both newborns and adults; despite this significance, there is uncertainty regarding the basic mechanics of the CSF. The suboccipital muscles connect to the dura surrounding the spinal cord, forming a complex termed the ‘myodural bridge’. This study tests the hypothesis that the myodural bridge functions to alter the CSF circulation. The suboccipital muscles of American alligators were surgically exposed and electrically stimulated simultaneously with direct recordings of CSF pressure and flow. Contraction of the suboccipital muscles significantly changed both CSF flow and pressure. By demonstrating another influence on CSF circulation and pulsatility, the present study increases our understanding of the mechanics underlying the movement of the CSF.

Footnotes

  • Competing interests

    The authors declare no competing or financial interests.

  • Author contributions

    Conceptualization: B.A.Y., J.A., J.M.B., K.-A.M., R.S., T.K.; Methodology: B.A.Y., J.M.B., T.K.; Validation: B.A.Y., K.-A.M., T.K.; Formal analysis: B.A.Y., K.-A.M., T.K.; Investigation: B.A.Y., T.K.; Resources: J.M.B.; Data curation: B.A.Y.; Writing - original draft: B.A.Y.; Writing - review & editing: J.A., J.M.B., K.-A.M., R.S., T.K.; Visualization: J.A.; Supervision: B.A.Y.; Project administration: B.A.Y.

  • Funding

    This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.

  • Received June 10, 2020.
  • Accepted October 11, 2020.
  • © 2020. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd
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Keywords

  • Meninges
  • Crocodilia
  • Neuroscience
  • Fluid mechanics
  • Skeletal muscle

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SHORT COMMUNICATION
The myodural bridge of the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) alters CSF flow
Bruce A. Young, James Adams, Jonathan M. Beary, Kent-Andre Mardal, Robert Schneider, Tatyana Kondrashova
Journal of Experimental Biology 2020 223: jeb230896 doi: 10.1242/jeb.230896 Published 23 November 2020
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SHORT COMMUNICATION
The myodural bridge of the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) alters CSF flow
Bruce A. Young, James Adams, Jonathan M. Beary, Kent-Andre Mardal, Robert Schneider, Tatyana Kondrashova
Journal of Experimental Biology 2020 223: jeb230896 doi: 10.1242/jeb.230896 Published 23 November 2020

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