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Figures
- Fig. 1.
Exemplar individual rabbit data for knee extensor torques measured when the entire quadriceps muscle is stimulated simultaneously and individually. Experiments were performed at different frequencies of activation at 90 deg of knee flexion (A, N=1 of 3 rabbits) and at different knee angles (0 deg equals full knee extension) for a stimulation frequency of 100 Hz (B, N=1 of 2 rabbits). Knee extensor torque was measured when the entire quadriceps muscle was stimulated simultaneously (SIM) and individually (VL, vastus lateralis; VM, vastus medialis; RF, rectus femoris). The torque produced as a result of the sum of the individual muscle torques (SUM) was greater than that resulting from simultaneous stimulation of the quadriceps muscles using identical muscle activation. All results are for intact muscles (inter-muscular connections intact).
- Fig. 2.
Ratio between torque and force at different knee joint angles for quadriceps muscles stimulated simultaneously (SIM) and individually (SUM). Data are shown for one rabbit (same as Fig. 1, right) for the intact condition (inter-muscular connections were intact) and the separated condition (where the inter-muscular connections were removed by blunt dissection). Although an increase in the ratio is observed as the knee is flexed, there is close overlap among curves, indicating that moment arms remained approximately the same across conditions.
- Fig. 3.
Differences between the torques produced by vastus lateralis, vastus medialis and rectus femoris during simultaneous (SIM) stimulation, and the torques obtained from the sum of stimulating VM, VL and RF independently (SUM) as a function of relative torque (SIM normalized to maximum) during maximal and submaximal stimulation. (A) Differences in relative terms [(SUM–SIM)/SUM×100]. (B) Differences in absolute terms (pooled data, n=3). Note that the percentage change in torque between SIM and SUM increases for decreasing levels of torque.
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