Article Figures & Tables
Figures
- Fig. 1.
The radiolar eyes of Acromegalomma vesiculosum. (A) An A. vesiculosum projecting its radiolar fan up out of its tube. The two main eyes are prominently positioned, and the positions of some lateral eyes are indicated with arrowheads. (B) An A. vesiculosum individual removed from its tube. (C–E) Radiolar eyes from A. vesiculosum. A large, main eye is shown front (C) and back (D), as well as the frontal view of a smaller lateral eye (E). Scale bars: (B) 5 mm; (C–E) 100 μm. Orientation for all eye micrographs is shown below E: d, distal; p, proximal; n, nasal; t, temporal.
- Fig. 2.
Electroretinogram (ERG) responses from the radiolar eyes of A. vesiculosum. (A,B) A micrograph (A) and diagram (B) of the ERG preparation used in these experiments. Eyes were suction-clamped via the radiolar tip, producing stronger, more reliable response recordings than attachment to the eye surface (Fig. S1). (C) ERG response recordings from A. vesiculosum radiolar eyes with increasing stimulus durations (indicated by labels on the plot in ms), and using two different stimuli: lights-on (blue traces) and lights-off (red traces). Labels in italics indicate the prominent features of the light response: a, lights-on impulse; b, lights-on secondary response; c, lights-off response. Minimum detectable impulse responses are shown for lights-on (1 ms stimulus, the minimum duration in our setup) and lights-off stimuli (approximately 20 ms stimulus).
- Fig. 3.
ERG responses from the radiolar eyes of A. vesiculosum under increasing intensities of stimuli. (A) Lights-on stimuli; (B) lights-off stimuli. Example ERG recordings showing the response properties of the A. vesiculosum radiolar eyes to stimuli of varying intensities (indicated by trace opacity). Raw data are overlaid with smoothed traces. Stimulus duration was 25 ms for lights-on and 1000 ms for lights-off stimuli. (C,D) Plots showing mean±s.d. time-to-peak (ms) for lights-on (C, blue) and lights-off (D, red) stimuli. (E) Mean±s.d. V–log I curves with responses normalised for lights-on (blue) and lights-off (red) stimuli. Intensities are indicated in relative log values with a maximum intensity of 2.5×10−2 W sr−1 m−2.
- Fig. 4.
Critical flicker fusion frequency in A. vesiculosum radiolar eyes. (A) Example 5 s recordings (black traces) from an A. vesiculosum eye in response to a sinusoidal flickering light stimulus of increasing frequency. A 5 Hz example stimulus in shown at the top. (B) Normalised flicker recordings from tested frequencies expanded to show the time range for 25 cycles of each of the stimulus frequencies. These are the data that were analysed by fast Fourier transform (FFT) to determine critical flicker fusion frequency thresholds. Note that the sine wave pattern is discernible to 35 Hz in this example. (C) A plot showing the average relative FFT power of main eye flicker responses (n=14). Grey shading indicates ±s.d.
- Fig. 5.
Spectral sensitivity in A. vesiculosum radiolar eyes in response to stimuli. (A–C) Lights-on stimuli; (D–F) lights-off stimuli. (A,D) Example recordings with trace colour indicating human colour perception of stimulus wavelength. (B,E) Averaged spectral sensitivity curves (circles indicating wavelength colour, ±s.d.), and visual pigment best-fit templates (black lines). (C,F) Spectral sensitivity curves (black lines, ±s.d.) plotted against the average time-to-peak at each tested wavelength (red dashed lines, ±s.d.).
- Fig. 6.
Acromegalomma vesiculosum lateral eye ERG response properties. (A) Averaged V–log I curves for main radiolar eyes (dashed black line) and lateral radiolar eyes (red line). Intensities are indicated in relative log values with a maximum intensity of 2.5×10−2 W sr−1 m−2. (B) Averaged critical flicker fusion frequency FFT power curves for main (dashed black line) and lateral eyes (red line). (C) Averaged light-off spectral sensitivity curve for lateral radiolar eyes (circles indicating wavelength colour, ±s.d.) overlaid with a best fit visual pigment nomogram (black line).
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