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Research Article
Effects of environmental enrichment on forebrain neural plasticity and survival success of stocked Atlantic salmon
Daan Mes, Renske van Os, Marnix Gorissen, Lars O. E. Ebbesson, Bengt Finstad, Ian Mayer, Marco A. Vindas
Journal of Experimental Biology 2019 222: jeb212258 doi: 10.1242/jeb.212258 Published 4 December 2019
Daan Mes
Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway
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Renske van Os
Institute of Water and Wetland Research, Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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  • ORCID record for Renske van Os
Marnix Gorissen
Institute of Water and Wetland Research, Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Lars O. E. Ebbesson
Uni Environment, Uni Research AS, 5008 Bergen, Norway
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Bengt Finstad
Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, 7485 Trondheim, Norway
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Ian Mayer
Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway
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Marco A. Vindas
Uni Environment, Uni Research AS, 5008 Bergen, NorwayDepartment of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, NorwayInstitute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, 413 90 Gothenburg, Sweden
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  • For correspondence: marco.vindas@nmbu.no
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ABSTRACT

Fish reared for stocking programmes are severely stimulus deprived compared with their wild conspecifics raised under natural conditions. This leads to reduced behavioural plasticity and low post-release survival of stocked fish. Environmental enrichment can have positive effects on important life skills, such as predator avoidance and foraging behaviour, but the neural mechanisms underpinning these behavioural changes are still largely unknown. In this study, juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were reared in an enriched hatchery environment for 7 weeks, after which neurobiological characteristics and post-release survival were compared with those of fish reared under normal hatchery conditions. Using in situ hybridization and qPCR, we quantified the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (bdnf) and the neural activity marker cfos in telencephalic subregions associated with relational memory, emotional learning and stress reactivity. Aside from lower expression of bdnf in the Dlv (a region associated with relational memory) of enriched salmon, we observed no other significant effects of enrichment in the studied regions. Exposure to an enriched environment increased post-release survival during a 5 month residence in a natural river by 51%. Thus, we demonstrate that environmental enrichment can improve stocking success of Atlantic salmon parr and that environmental enrichment is associated with changes in bdnf expression in the fish's hippocampus-equivalent structure.

FOOTNOTES

  • Competing interests

    The authors declare no competing or financial interests.

  • Author contributions

    Conceptualization: D.M., I.M., M.A.V.; Methodology: D.M., L.O.E.E., B.F., M.A.V.; Formal analysis: D.M., R.v.O.; Investigation: D.M., R.v.O., M.G., M.A.V.; Resources: L.O.E.E., B.F., I.M., M.A.V.; Data curation: D.M., M.A.V.; Writing - original draft: D.M., M.A.V.; Writing - review & editing: D.M., R.v.O., M.G., L.O.E.E., B.F., I.M., M.A.V.; Supervision: M.G., L.O.E.E., B.F., I.M., M.A.V.; Project administration: I.M.; Funding acquisition: I.M.

  • Funding

    This work was funded through the European Union's H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions: Innovative Training Network ‘IMPRESS’ [grant agreement no. 642893].

  • Supplementary information

    Supplementary information available online at http://jeb.biologists.org/lookup/doi/10.1242/jeb.212258.supplemental

  • Received August 13, 2019.
  • Accepted November 4, 2019.
  • © 2019. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd
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Keywords

  • bdnf
  • cfos
  • Cognition
  • Neuroanatomy

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Research Article
Effects of environmental enrichment on forebrain neural plasticity and survival success of stocked Atlantic salmon
Daan Mes, Renske van Os, Marnix Gorissen, Lars O. E. Ebbesson, Bengt Finstad, Ian Mayer, Marco A. Vindas
Journal of Experimental Biology 2019 222: jeb212258 doi: 10.1242/jeb.212258 Published 4 December 2019
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Research Article
Effects of environmental enrichment on forebrain neural plasticity and survival success of stocked Atlantic salmon
Daan Mes, Renske van Os, Marnix Gorissen, Lars O. E. Ebbesson, Bengt Finstad, Ian Mayer, Marco A. Vindas
Journal of Experimental Biology 2019 222: jeb212258 doi: 10.1242/jeb.212258 Published 4 December 2019

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