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Figures
- Fig. 1.
Daily food intake and respiration rates from the three captive harbour porpoises across the seasons from 2009 to 2017. (A) Average daily food intake. Darker lines denote the smoothed mean for each animal, while the shaded regions around them show the s.e.m. Sif was pregnant in 2013 and 2014, increasing her average food intake between March and July. Annual number of daylight hours and water temperature are plotted for comparison. (B) Average daily food intake, respiration rate and blubber thickness at a mid-dorsal location (D3, see Lockyer et al., 2003, for details) for Freja. Food intake data are overlaid with DLW measurements, indicated with coloured dots (each colour a different year). The coloured dashed lines represent specific food intake for Freja during those years. In both panels, food intake values are corrected assuming a 90% assimilation efficiency (Goodman-Lowe et al., 1999; Lockyer, 2007).
- Fig. 2.
Daily variation in respiration rate of adult captive and wild porpoises. The estimates are based on 20 min intervals over 24 h for captive porpoises Freja and Sif (blue solid lines), and over 24, 22, 17, 11 and 12 h, for the five adult wild porpoises (orange solid lines). For comparative purposes, only adult wild porpoises are displayed; see Table 2 and Fig. 3 for mean respiration rate and respiration pattern of all wild porpoises. Mean daily respiration rate for captive and wild porpoises are indicated by dashed lines of the same colour. The three peaks (*) in respiration rate between 10:00 h and 16:00 h in the captive porpoises coincide with the after-feeding periods, probably representing the effect of SDA/HIF.
- Fig. 3.
Respiration rate pattern for all 13 tagged wild harbour porpoises. (A) Dive profile from the longest DTAG deployment (hp16_316a). Individual prey capture attempts (echolocation buzzes) are marked in red. (B–N) Orange lines show respiration rate (min−1) averaged over 20 min periods for all 13 wild porpoises as recorded by the attached tag. The shaded area represents twilight (grey) and night (black). Animals are sorted according to increasing standard body length (indicated below ID), following the same order as Table 2.
- Fig. 4.
Logarithmic relationship between mass and metabolic rate for harbour porpoises and other small marine mammals. The dashed black line shows the relationship from porpoises in this study. Previously proposed relationships are plotted with coloured dashed lines (citation indicated in the same colour). Previously published estimates of BMR and FMR from a variety of marine mammals are included. Numbers indicate the citation: 1Kanwisher and Sundnes (1965); 2Reed et al., 2000; 3Yasui and Gaskin, 1986; 4Otani et al., 2001; 5Gallagher et al., 2018: aestimate for an adult male and bestimate for a pregnant and lactating female; 6Kastelein et al., 2018; 7Yeates et al., 2007; 8Jeanniard-du-Dot et al., 2017: aestimate for Antarctic fur seal and bestimate for northern fur seal. See also fig. 2 in Kastelein et al., 2018.
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