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Research Article
Effects of experimental manipulation of hematocrit on avian flight performance in high- and low-altitude conditions
Kang Nian Yap, Morag F. Dick, Christopher G. Guglielmo, Tony D. Williams
Journal of Experimental Biology 2018 221: jeb191056 doi: 10.1242/jeb.191056 Published 14 November 2018
Kang Nian Yap
1Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
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  • ORCID record for Kang Nian Yap
  • For correspondence: knyap@sfu.ca
Morag F. Dick
2Department of Biology, Advanced Facility for Avian Research, University of Western Ontario, 1393 Western Road, London, ON, N6G 1G9, Canada
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Christopher G. Guglielmo
2Department of Biology, Advanced Facility for Avian Research, University of Western Ontario, 1393 Western Road, London, ON, N6G 1G9, Canada
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Tony D. Williams
1Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
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    Fig. 1.

    Experimental time line. EPO, erythropoietin.

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    Fig. 2.

    Effects of avian EPO and anti-EPO on hematocrit (Hct) and hemoglobin (Hb). Hct (A) and Hb (B) data are least-squares means±s.e.m. Anti-EPO, n=10; EPO, n=10; vehicle, n=11. Linear mixed effect model (e.g. Hct∼Treatment*Time+Body mass).

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    Fig. 3.

    Effects of EPO and anti-EPO on the number of strikes, flight duration, cost of transport and power. (A) Change in the number of strikes in the first 30 min of flight (ΔStrikes30). (B) Change in the number of strikes in the first 105 min of flight (ΔStrikes105). (C) Change in flight duration (ΔDuration). (D) Change in cost of transport (ΔCOT). (E) Change in power (ΔPower). Data are least-squares means±s.e.m. Anti-EPO, n=8; EPO, n=7; vehicle, n=7. General linear model (e.g. ΔStrikes30∼Treatment). *P<0.05; NS, not significant.

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    Fig. 4.

    Effects of EPO and anti-EPO on altitude attained and flight duration at altitude. Altitude (A) and altitude duration (B) data are least-squares means±s.e.m. For A: anti-EPO, n=6; EPO, n=6; vehicle, n=6; for B: anti-EPO, n=6; EPO, n=1; vehicle, n=4. Kruskal–Wallis test (e.g. Altitude∼Treatment). Note: there are no error bars associated with the EPO group in B because only one EPO-dosed bird attained 3000 m, when altitude duration was quantified. *P<0.05; **P<0.01; NS, not significant.

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    Fig. 5.

    Effects of exercise at high altitude on Hct, glucose, antioxidant capacity (OXY) and reactive oxygen metabolites (dROMs). Hct (A), glucose (B), OXY (C) and dROMs (D) data are least-squares means±s.e.m. Anti-EPO, n=6; EPO, n=6; vehicle, n=6. Treatments groups were pooled for A–C. In A, Altitude refers to birds that were flown at low altitude during pre-treatment and high altitude during post-treatment; End refers to birds that were flown at low altitude during both pre- and post-treatment. Linear mixed effect model (e.g. Hct∼Treatment*Time+Body mass). *P<0.05; **P<0.01; NS, not significant.

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    Fig. 6.

    Hypothetical post hoc rationale for the effects of anti-EPO on flight performance at low and high altitude. In the low-altitude condition, anti-EPO birds had lower performance as a result of the lower than optimal Hct values and consequently lower oxygen carrying capacity, but in the high-altitude condition they had higher flight performance because their initially low Hct was closer to a new ‘optimal Hct’ for exercise as a result of lower blood viscosity, at least over the short period measured in our study.

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Keywords

  • Hemoglobin
  • Aerobic capacity
  • Hemodilution
  • Wind tunnel
  • Exercise
  • Birds

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Research Article
Effects of experimental manipulation of hematocrit on avian flight performance in high- and low-altitude conditions
Kang Nian Yap, Morag F. Dick, Christopher G. Guglielmo, Tony D. Williams
Journal of Experimental Biology 2018 221: jeb191056 doi: 10.1242/jeb.191056 Published 14 November 2018
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Research Article
Effects of experimental manipulation of hematocrit on avian flight performance in high- and low-altitude conditions
Kang Nian Yap, Morag F. Dick, Christopher G. Guglielmo, Tony D. Williams
Journal of Experimental Biology 2018 221: jeb191056 doi: 10.1242/jeb.191056 Published 14 November 2018

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