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Figures
- Fig. 1.
Experimental time line. EPO, erythropoietin.
- Fig. 2.
Effects of avian EPO and anti-EPO on hematocrit (Hct) and hemoglobin (Hb). Hct (A) and Hb (B) data are least-squares means±s.e.m. Anti-EPO, n=10; EPO, n=10; vehicle, n=11. Linear mixed effect model (e.g. Hct∼Treatment*Time+Body mass).
- Fig. 3.
Effects of EPO and anti-EPO on the number of strikes, flight duration, cost of transport and power. (A) Change in the number of strikes in the first 30 min of flight (ΔStrikes30). (B) Change in the number of strikes in the first 105 min of flight (ΔStrikes105). (C) Change in flight duration (ΔDuration). (D) Change in cost of transport (ΔCOT). (E) Change in power (ΔPower). Data are least-squares means±s.e.m. Anti-EPO, n=8; EPO, n=7; vehicle, n=7. General linear model (e.g. ΔStrikes30∼Treatment). *P<0.05; NS, not significant.
- Fig. 4.
Effects of EPO and anti-EPO on altitude attained and flight duration at altitude. Altitude (A) and altitude duration (B) data are least-squares means±s.e.m. For A: anti-EPO, n=6; EPO, n=6; vehicle, n=6; for B: anti-EPO, n=6; EPO, n=1; vehicle, n=4. Kruskal–Wallis test (e.g. Altitude∼Treatment). Note: there are no error bars associated with the EPO group in B because only one EPO-dosed bird attained 3000 m, when altitude duration was quantified. *P<0.05; **P<0.01; NS, not significant.
- Fig. 5.
Effects of exercise at high altitude on Hct, glucose, antioxidant capacity (OXY) and reactive oxygen metabolites (dROMs). Hct (A), glucose (B), OXY (C) and dROMs (D) data are least-squares means±s.e.m. Anti-EPO, n=6; EPO, n=6; vehicle, n=6. Treatments groups were pooled for A–C. In A, Altitude refers to birds that were flown at low altitude during pre-treatment and high altitude during post-treatment; End refers to birds that were flown at low altitude during both pre- and post-treatment. Linear mixed effect model (e.g. Hct∼Treatment*Time+Body mass). *P<0.05; **P<0.01; NS, not significant.
- Fig. 6.
Hypothetical post hoc rationale for the effects of anti-EPO on flight performance at low and high altitude. In the low-altitude condition, anti-EPO birds had lower performance as a result of the lower than optimal Hct values and consequently lower oxygen carrying capacity, but in the high-altitude condition they had higher flight performance because their initially low Hct was closer to a new ‘optimal Hct’ for exercise as a result of lower blood viscosity, at least over the short period measured in our study.
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