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Research Article
Speed-dependent modulation of wing muscle recruitment intensity and kinematics in two bat species
Nicolai Konow, Jorn A. Cheney, Thomas J. Roberts, Jose Iriarte-Díaz, Kenneth S. Breuer, J. Rhea S. Waldman, Sharon M. Swartz
Journal of Experimental Biology 2017 220: 1820-1829; doi: 10.1242/jeb.144550
Nicolai Konow
1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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  • ORCID record for Nicolai Konow
  • For correspondence: Nicolai_konow@uml.edu
Jorn A. Cheney
1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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Thomas J. Roberts
1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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Jose Iriarte-Díaz
2Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Kenneth S. Breuer
1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
3School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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J. Rhea S. Waldman
1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
4Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Sharon M. Swartz
1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
3School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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Figures

  • Table 1.
  • Fig. 1.
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    Fig. 1.

    Sample flight measurements from Carollia perspicillata and Eptesicus fuscus. Flight measurements at 1.9 m s–1 (A), 4.3 m s–1 (B) and 7.1 m s–1 (C) for C. perspicillata, and at 3.2 m s–1 (D), 5.3 m s–1 (E) and 7.3 m s–1 (F) for E. fuscus. Top row: vertical wrist position (at zero, the wrist is level with the sternum in the wind tunnel reference coordinate system). Gray bars indicate downstroke. Second row: pectoralis electromyogram (EMG; right y-axis) and shoulder angle (angle between humerus and flight direction) (left y-axis). Third row: biceps EMG (right y-axis) and elbow angle (left y-axis). Fourth row: 3D distance from sternum to wrist. Variables measured for each wingbeat (schematically described in A,B) were: (i) EMG burst duration, (ii) EMG cycle duration, (iii) aEMG (average burst intensity, measured as integrated area under the rectified EMG burst, divided by burst duration), (iv) EMG offset, (v) wingbeat duration and (vi) wingbeat amplitude.

  • Fig. 2.
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    Fig. 2.

    Wingbeat kinematics and EMG activation patterns in C. perspicillata (left column) and E. fuscus (right column). Data are means±1 s.d. for 15+ wingbeats at each speed per individual. Each individual is labeled by distinct symbol–color combinations. Data are pooled from repeat experiments on individuals. Black lines are significant global least squares method regression relationships; colored lines are for individuals (P<0.05).

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    Fig. 3.

    Relationship between normalized average burst EMG (aEMG) (mean±s.d.) and flight speed in C. perspicillata and E. fuscus. Top row, pectoralis major; bottom row, biceps brachii short head. Individuals are labeled by distinct symbols, and repeat experiments on an individual are indicated by variations in color tone.

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    Fig. 4.

    Pectoralis aEMG versus flight speed. Individuals are labeled by distinct symbols, and repeat experiments on an individual are indicated by variations in color tone. Polynomial fits in A were applied to data for repeat experiments on a given individual. Data are trial means±1 s.d.

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    Fig. 5.

    Span ratio in C. perspicillata and E. fuscus. Span ratio in C. perspicillata (A) decreases with speed and is lower in magnitude than the relatively flight speed-invariant span ratio in E. fuscus (B). Data are median lines with quartile envelopes of the ratio between minimum and maximum distance between the wrist and sternum (upstroke versus downstroke). See also Fig. 6.

  • Fig. 6.
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    Fig. 6.

    Maximum joint flexion and extension with respect to flight speed in C. perspicillata and E. fuscus. Maximum joint flexion (dark, downstroke) and extension (light, upstroke) at the shoulder, elbow and wrist with respect to flight speed in C. perspicillata (left column) and E. fuscus (right column). Data are median lines with quartile envelopes with repeat experiments on all individuals pooled. The wing is more extended at the shoulder and elbow in E. fuscus than in C. perspicillata but E. fuscus modulates joint flexion–extension with respect to flight speed and therefore wing folding decreases with flight speed in this species.

  • Fig. 7.
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    Fig. 7.

    Comparison of the speed-dependent modulation of pectoralis muscle recruitment and metabolic power consumption for C. perspicillata. Closed circles indicate pectoralis muscle recruitment (mean±s.e.m.) whereas open circles indicate metabolic power consumption [from von Busse et al., 2013 (mean±s.e.m.)]. Metabolic and aEMG data for each speed increment have been shifted horizontally for ease of interpretation.

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Keywords

  • Locomotor performance
  • wings
  • Muscle Activity
  • lifting surface
  • Wing morphing
  • movement economy

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Research Article
Speed-dependent modulation of wing muscle recruitment intensity and kinematics in two bat species
Nicolai Konow, Jorn A. Cheney, Thomas J. Roberts, Jose Iriarte-Díaz, Kenneth S. Breuer, J. Rhea S. Waldman, Sharon M. Swartz
Journal of Experimental Biology 2017 220: 1820-1829; doi: 10.1242/jeb.144550
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Research Article
Speed-dependent modulation of wing muscle recruitment intensity and kinematics in two bat species
Nicolai Konow, Jorn A. Cheney, Thomas J. Roberts, Jose Iriarte-Díaz, Kenneth S. Breuer, J. Rhea S. Waldman, Sharon M. Swartz
Journal of Experimental Biology 2017 220: 1820-1829; doi: 10.1242/jeb.144550

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