Ants cooperating to negotiate the cul-de-sac obstacle. Photo credit: Helen McCreery.
Moving house is a rite of passage that can test even the strongest relationships, requiring teams of people to cooperate to heave heavy sofas and large boxes up and down stairs. But we are not alone in our ability to pull together to tackle a sizeable challenge; dragging a hefty insect carcass to the nest is probably the closest equivalent of negotiating a tight turn in the stairs for a team of ants. ‘We have to talk to the other person constantly to figure out how to solve the problem’, says Helen McCreery from the University of Colorado, Boulder, USA, so how does a crowd of determined ants carrying a large morsel respond when they encounter an impediment to their mission? ‘They suddenly have to make a choice when it is not clear that one option is better than any other’, says McCreery; and the busy creatures appear to achieve this without discussion. Intrigued, McCreery, her advisor Michael Breed and computer scientist Radhika Nagpal from Harvard University, USA, decided to find out how hindered ant crews cooperate to negotiate unexpected obstructions.
As a band of burdened ants could use an almost unlimited range of strategies to navigate their way around an obstacle, the team designed three obstructions to test how the insects responded in practice. Constructing a Lego brick wall, a three-sided cul-de-sac and a completely enclosed corral coated in slippery Fluon® – to prevent the ants from escaping over the top – McCreery and Zachary Dix placed each one in the path of a crew of longhorn crazy ants (Paratrechina longicornis) as they attempted to heft chunks of tuna home, and then filmed the ants’ tactics.
Analysing the ants’ manoeuvres when they encountered the wall, the team saw that the obstructed ants simply moved to and fro along the wall until they reached the end and resumed their homeward course. ‘Ants are really good at knowing the direction of the nest’, says McCreery, explaining that the ants needed little information other than the direction of home to implement this strategy. However, using the same tactic when faced with a cul-de-sac would be doomed to failure. Realising that the strategy for escaping a blind alley must be more sophisticated, the team watched as the ants zig-zagged to and fro across the front wall of the obstruction – as they had when trying to navigate around the wall. However, as time passed, they began randomly moving backwards, away from the nest, until eventually they encountered the exit and were able to go on their way again. The ants’ strategy of using random movements allowed them to maintain a consensus while being flexible and robust enough to get them out of most tight corners, although the route that they took was not always the most efficient.
However, McCreery admits that she was surprised at how quickly the ants gave up and abandoned their precious piece of tuna when they found themselves trapped in the corral. ‘We really expected their behaviour in the trap to look a lot like the cul-de-sac, at least at the beginning. But as soon as we closed the door, the speed and group size started to drop’, she recalls, suggesting that the ants might have given up sooner than expected because they were cut off from incoming ants. And, having discovered how ants deal with being stuck in a blind alley, Nagpal is keen to apply these strategies to teach teams of robots how to cooperate to solve problems in environments that they are unfamiliar with.
- © 2016. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd
References
Article navigation
Related articles
Cited by...
More in this TOC section
Similar articles
Other journals from The Company of Biologists
Editorial – The changing of the guard
In his Editorial, Hans Hoppeler announces that he will be stepping down as Editor-in-Chief of JEB in July 2020. He reflects on the history of JEB, why he has enjoyed his tenure as JEB’s Editor-in-Chief and the recent developments in the publishing world.
Editors’ choice – Parental stressor exposure simultaneously conveys both adaptive and maladaptive larval phenotypes through epigenetic inheritance in the zebrafish (Danio rerio)
An oil spill is never a good thing, but Naim Bautista and Warren Burggren have shown that zebrafish can pass on resistance to the damaging effects of an oil-spiked diet to their offspring.
The derivative of force with respect to time does not have a standard term in physics. In their new Commentary, David C. Lin and his colleagues propose that the term ‘yank’ should be used to denote the time derivative of force.
Runners waste energy every time their legs stop swinging, but now a team of scientists from the US and Canada have shown that a springy ankle tether can reduce runners’ energy costs by 6.4%, which is nearly the entire cost of swinging the limbs. Read the full research article here.
Journal of Experimental Biology is pleased to announce a new partnership with Publons! This allows reviewers to easily track and verify every review by choosing to add the review to their Publons profile when completing the review submission form. Publons also makes it simple for reviewers to showcase their peer review contributions in a format that can be included in job and funding applications (without breaking reviewer anonymity). Read the official announcement here!
The Company of Biologists provides grants to fund scientific meetings, workshops and conferences in the fields covered by our journals. Typically, meetings with fewer than 100 people may be granted up to £2,000, increasing up to £6,000 for about 400 people. The next deadline to apply is 28 November 2019.
preLights – preLights reaches 500 posts!
The success of preLights is down to the hard work of our preLighters. Head over to the preLights website to find out more about our most active early-career-researchers.