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Figures
- Fig. 1.
Pictures of the heads of the stag beetle specimens used in this study. All specimens are male beetles of a different species, except for specimen 2b. All photos are shown at the same magnification. The scale bar indicates 5 mm.
- Fig. 2.
Overview of the finite element (FE) model. The tip (t), hinge (h) and bite muscle attachment (ma) are indicated with darker areas on the 3D model of the male Cyclommatus metallifer jaw. Dotted lines show the in-lever length (il) and the jaw length (jl). Movement in x-direction of the jaw tip is constrained (c). The muscle force (Fm) and the bite force (Fb) that it elicits are shown (drawn with arbitrary vector lengths). The scale bar indicates 5 mm.
- Fig. 3.
Correlations between morphological jaw parameters. Correlations are shown for muscle force (calculated using head surface area), jaw volume (cuticle volume), jaw length (out-lever), in-lever length, mechanical advantage and bite force. The grey line shows the fitted slope, the red line shows the slope predicted under isometry.
- Fig. 4.
Comparison of Von Mises stress distribution on the dorsal jaw surface, calculated using the ‘natural loading’ simulations. For visualization purposes, the jaws are depicted with the same jaw length. Arrows indicate the location of maximal material stress.
- Fig. 5.
Correlation between muscle force and Von Mises stress. (A) The ‘natural loading’ simulations. (B) The ‘same size’ simulations. (C) The ‘same jaw CSA’ simulations. In A and B, the maximal value of the material stress does not increase with muscle force for most specimens. In C, the jaw shape of a number of specimens results in a similar, low, material stress despite the large difference in muscle force. CSA, cross-sectional area.
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