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COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY – A TRIBUTE TO CHRIS WOOD
Established and potential physiological roles of bicarbonate-sensing soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) in aquatic animals
Martin Tresguerres, Katie L. Barott, Megan E. Barron, Jinae N. Roa
Journal of Experimental Biology 2014 217: 663-672; doi: 10.1242/jeb.086157
Martin Tresguerres
Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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  • For correspondence: mtresguerres@ucsd.edu
Katie L. Barott
Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Megan E. Barron
Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Jinae N. Roa
Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Abstract

Soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) is a recently recognized source of the signaling molecule cyclic AMP (cAMP) that is genetically and biochemically distinct from the classic G-protein-regulated transmembrane adenylyl cyclases (tmACs). Mammalian sAC is distributed throughout the cytoplasm and it may be present in the nucleus and inside mitochondria. sAC activity is directly stimulated by HCO3−, and sAC has been confirmed to be a HCO3− sensor in a variety of mammalian cell types. In addition, sAC can functionally associate with carbonic anhydrases to act as a de facto sensor of pH and CO2. The two catalytic domains of sAC are related to HCO3−-regulated adenylyl cyclases from cyanobacteria, suggesting the cAMP pathway is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism for sensing CO2 levels and/or acid/base conditions. Reports of sAC in aquatic animals are still limited but are rapidly accumulating. In shark gills, sAC senses blood alkalosis and triggers compensatory H+ absorption. In the intestine of bony fishes, sAC modulates NaCl and water absorption. And in sea urchin sperm, sAC may participate in the initiation of flagellar movement and in the acrosome reaction. Bioinformatics and RT-PCR results reveal that sAC orthologs are present in most animal phyla. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the physiological roles of sAC in aquatic animals and suggests additional functions in which sAC may be involved.

FOOTNOTES

  • Author contributions

    All authors wrote the article. M.T. produced the figures, including the data presented in Fig. 4.

  • Competing interests

    The authors declare no competing financial interests.

  • Funding

    This work was supported by SIO funds to M.T., National Science Foundation grant EF-1220641 to M.T., National Science Foundation OCE postdoctoral fellowship 1226396 to K.L.B., Scripps Institution of Oceanography Regents and National Science Foundation graduate fellowships to M.E.B., and San Diego Fellowship to J.N.R., who is also partially supported by a National Institutes of Health Training Program in Marine Biotechnology grant. Deposited in PMC for release after 12 months.

  • © 2014. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd
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Keywords

  • V-ATPase
  • Acid/base
  • cAMP
  • Carbonic anhydrase
  • pH sensing
  • Proton pump

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COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY – A TRIBUTE TO CHRIS WOOD
Established and potential physiological roles of bicarbonate-sensing soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) in aquatic animals
Martin Tresguerres, Katie L. Barott, Megan E. Barron, Jinae N. Roa
Journal of Experimental Biology 2014 217: 663-672; doi: 10.1242/jeb.086157
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COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY – A TRIBUTE TO CHRIS WOOD
Established and potential physiological roles of bicarbonate-sensing soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) in aquatic animals
Martin Tresguerres, Katie L. Barott, Megan E. Barron, Jinae N. Roa
Journal of Experimental Biology 2014 217: 663-672; doi: 10.1242/jeb.086157

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Article navigation

  • Top
  • Article
    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • Discovery of mammalian sAC
    • Mechanisms of sAC activation in vivo
    • In vitro versus in vivo EC50 for HCO3−
    • Physiological roles of mammalian sAC
    • sAC in non-mammalian organisms
    • sAC in sharks and boney fishes
    • sAC in sea urchin
    • sAC in mollusks
    • sAC in corals
    • sAC in other aquatic animals
    • Need for complementary acid sensor(s)
    • Conclusions
    • Acknowledgements
    • FOOTNOTES
    • References
  • Figures & tables
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