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Research Article
Biomechanics and energetics of walking on uneven terrain
Alexandra S. Voloshina, Arthur D. Kuo, Monica A. Daley, Daniel P. Ferris
Journal of Experimental Biology 2013 216: 3963-3970; doi: 10.1242/jeb.081711
Alexandra S. Voloshina
1School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
2Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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  • For correspondence: voloshis@umich.edu
Arthur D. Kuo
2Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Monica A. Daley
3Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
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Daniel P. Ferris
1School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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SUMMARY

Walking on uneven terrain is more energetically costly than walking on smooth ground, but the biomechanical factors that contribute to this increase are unknown. To identify possible factors, we constructed an uneven terrain treadmill that allowed us to record biomechanical, electromyographic and metabolic energetics data from human subjects. We hypothesized that walking on uneven terrain would increase step width and length variability, joint mechanical work and muscle co-activation compared with walking on smooth terrain. We tested healthy subjects (N=11) walking at 1.0 m s−1, and found that, when walking on uneven terrain with up to 2.5 cm variation, subjects decreased their step length by 4% and did not significantly change their step width, while both step length and width variability increased significantly (22 and 36%, respectively; P<0.05). Uneven terrain walking caused a 28 and 62% increase in positive knee and hip work, respectively, and a 26% greater magnitude of negative knee work (0.0106, 0.1078 and 0.0425 J kg−1, respectively; P<0.05). Mean muscle activity increased in seven muscles in the lower leg and thigh (P<0.05). These changes caused overall net metabolic energy expenditure to increase by 0.73 W kg−1 (28%; P<0.0001). Much of that increase could be explained by the increased mechanical work observed at the knee and hip. Greater muscle co-activation could also contribute to increased energetic cost but to unknown degree. The findings provide insight into how lower limb muscles are used differently for natural terrain compared with laboratory conditions.

FOOTNOTES

  • AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS

    A.S.V. recruited subjects, managed data collections, completed data analysis and drafted the manuscript. A.D.K. and M.A.D. provided guidance on experimental design and helped draft and edit the manuscript. D.P.F. conceived the study, provided guidance on experimental design, and helped draft and edit the manuscript. All authors contributed their interpretation of the findings and read and approved the final manuscript.

  • COMPETING INTERESTS

    No competing interests declared.

  • FUNDING

    This research was supported by a grant from the Army Research Laboratory [W911NF-09-1-0139 and W911NF-10-2-0022 to D.F.]; Department of Defense [W81XWH-09-2-0142 to A.K.]; Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency [Atlas Program to A.K.]; Office of Naval Research [ETOWL to A.K.]; and the University of Michigan Rackham Graduate Student Fellowship to A.V.

  • © 2013. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd
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Keywords

  • Energetics
  • Joint work
  • Kinematics
  • Uneven terrain

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Research Article
Biomechanics and energetics of walking on uneven terrain
Alexandra S. Voloshina, Arthur D. Kuo, Monica A. Daley, Daniel P. Ferris
Journal of Experimental Biology 2013 216: 3963-3970; doi: 10.1242/jeb.081711
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Research Article
Biomechanics and energetics of walking on uneven terrain
Alexandra S. Voloshina, Arthur D. Kuo, Monica A. Daley, Daniel P. Ferris
Journal of Experimental Biology 2013 216: 3963-3970; doi: 10.1242/jeb.081711

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