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Figures
- Fig. 1.
Factorial design of the experiment. For the ‘Workers’ axis, each group of queens either did (+) or did not (−) have workers present in the nest. For the ‘Stage’ axis, each group of queens was either in the earliest stages of the nest-founding period, in which workers had not yet begun to emerge in the nest (‘Early’) or in the later stages of the founding phase, when workers had begun to emerge (‘Late’). EQW+, early-stage queens with workers; EQW−, early-stage queens without workers; LQW−, late-stage queens without workers; LQW+, late-stage queens with workers.
- Fig. 2.
Effect of worker number on queen behavior. (A) Effect of manipulating worker number on brood-feeding behavior; x-axis, day of the experiment; y-axis, total number of brood-feeding events observed per day. Values are group means ± s.e.m.; 3-way ANOVA with stage of queen (early versus late), workers (+/−) and day (3,5,7) as factors: Pworkers(d.f.=1)<0.0001, Pworkers×day(d.f.=1)<0.05, other comparisons N.S. (B) Effect of manipulating worker number on queen egg-laying behavior; x-axis, group; y-axis, number of eggs in nests on day 7. Values shown are group means ± s.e.m.; letters represent results of post hoc pairwise t-tests; 2-way ANOVA with stage of queen and workers as factors: Pstage(d.f.=1)<0.01, Pworkers(d.f.=1)<0.001, Pstage×workers(d.f.=1)<0.01. (C) Association between brood-feeding and reproductive behavior; x-axis, total number of brood-feeding events observed (summed across all days); y-axis, number of eggs in nests on day 7.
- Fig. 3.
Effect of social manipulation on colony development. (A) Effect of treatment on the number of larvae in nests; x-axis, group; y-axis, number of larvae in nests on day 7; 2-way ANOVA with stage of queen and workers as factors: Pstage(d.f.=1)<0.0001, other comparisons N.S. (B) Effect of treatment on number of pupae in nests; x-axis, group; y-axis, number of pupae in nests on day 7; 2-way ANOVA with stage of queen and workers as factors: Pstage(d.f.=1)<0.0001, Pstage×workers(d.f.=1)<0.01. Values shown in A and B are group means ± s.e.m.; letters represent results of pairwise t-tests.
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