Article Figures & Tables
Figures
- Fig. 1.
The effects of experimental treatments on circulating cortisol concentrations (ng ml–1) in gulf toadfish, Opsanus beta. In Series I (A), toadfish were injected with saline (N=8) or metyrapone (N=8). In Series II (B), toadfish were infused with saline (N=8), hydrocortisone hemisuccinate salt (cortisol; N=8), ammonia (N=8) or ammonia and cortisol combined (N=7). See Materials and methods for further details of treatment procedures. All values are expressed as means ± s.e.m. Data were analyzed by two-way RM-ANOVA with treatment group and sampling time as factors; P-values are indicated on the figure. Asterisks indicate a significant difference from the initial (0 h) sample within a given treatment group (Holm–Sidak post hoc test, P<0.05). Dashed vertical lines indicate the start of the treatment period.
- Fig. 2.
Measurements of (A,C) ammonia excretion (relative units) and (B,D) plasma ammonia levels (mmol l–1) in gulf toadfish, Opsanus beta, following various corticosteroid and ammonia treatments. In Series I (A,B), toadfish were treated with saline (N=8) or metyrapone (N=8). In Series II (C,D), toadfish were infused with saline (N=8), hydrocortisone hemisuccinate salt (cortisol; N=8), ammonia (N=8) or ammonia and cortisol combined (N=8). See Materials and methods for further details of treatment procedures. All ammonia excretion data are presented as the treatment value normalized to the initial 24 h control period. In A and C, numerical values presented under the data bars represent absolute values (μmol N kg–1) of ammonia excretion during the initial 24 h control period. All values are expressed as means ± s.e.m. Data were analyzed by two-way RM-ANOVA with treatment group and sampling time as factors; P-values are indicated on the figure. Asterisks indicate a significant difference between initial control and treatment values within a given treatment group (Holm–Sidak post hoc test, P<0.05). In B and D, the dashed vertical lines indicate the start of the treatment period.
- Fig. 3.
The effects of cortisol and/or ammonia manipulation on branchial and hepatic glutamine synthetase (GS) relative mRNA expression as measured by (A,C) real-time RT-PCR and (B,D) GS activity (mmol min–1 g–1) in gulf toadfish, Opsanus beta. In Series I (A,B), toadfish were injected with saline (N=8) or metyrapone (N=8). In Series II (C,D), toadfish were infused with saline (N=8), hydrocortisone hemisuccinate salt (cortisol; N=8), ammonia (N=8) or ammonia and cortisol combined (N=7). See Materials and methods for further details of treatment procedures. The mRNA transcript levels for each tissue were normalized against the control gene 18S and expressed relative to the saline-treated group for each series, which was set to a value of 1. Values are means ± s.e.m. For Series I, data were analyzed by Student's t-tests; see Results for P-values. No significant differences were detected for GS mRNA expression. For Series II, data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA; see Results for P-values. Statistical differences within a given tissue are indicated by different letters; different sets of letters were used between tissues (Holm–Sidak post hoc tests, P<0.05).
- Fig. 4.
Relative mRNA expression of Rhag, Rhbg, Rhcg1 and Rhcg2 in the gill of ureotelic gulf toadfish, Opsanus beta, as measured by real-time RT-PCR. In Series I (A), toadfish were injected with saline (N=8) or metyrapone (N=8). In Series II (B), toadfish were infused with saline (N=8), hydrocortisone hemisuccinate salt (cortisol; N=8), ammonia (N=8) or ammonia and cortisol combined (N=7). See Materials and methods for further details of treatment procedures. The mRNA levels for each gene were normalized against the control gene 18S and expressed relative to the saline-treated group for each series, which was set to a value of 1. Values are means ± s.e.m. For Series I, data were analyzed by Student's t-tests, and for Series II, data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA; see Results for P-values. Statistical differences for a given Rh isoform are indicated by different letters; different sets of letters were used between Rh isoforms (Series I, P<0.05; Series II, Holm–Sidak post hoc tests, P<0.05).
Article navigation
Related articles
Cited by...
More in this TOC section
Similar articles
Other journals from The Company of Biologists
Meet the Editors at SICB Virtual 2021
Reserve your place to join some of the journal editors, including Editor-in-Chief Craig Franklin, at our Meet the Editor session on 17 February at 2pm (EST). Don’t forget to view our SICB Subject Collection, featuring relevant JEB papers relating to some of the symposia sessions.
2020 at The Company of Biologists
Despite 2020's challenges, we were able to bring a number of long-term projects and new ventures to fruition. As we enter a new year, join us as we reflect on the triumphs of the last 12 months.
Critical temperature window sends migratory black-headed buntings on their travels
The spring rise in temperature at black-headed bunting overwintering sites is essential for triggering the physical changes that they undergo before embarking on their spring migration – read more.
Developmental and reproductive physiology of small mammals at high altitude
Cayleih Robertson and Kathryn Wilsterman focus on high-altitude populations of the North American deer mouse in their review of the challenges and evolutionary innovations of pregnant and nursing small mammals at high altitude.
Read & Publish participation extends worldwide
“Being able to publish Open Access articles free of charge means that my article gets maximum exposure and has maximum impact, and that all my peers can read it regardless of the agreements that their universities have with publishers.”
Professor Roi Holzman (Tel Aviv University) shares his experience of publishing Open Access as part of our growing Read & Publish initiative. We now have over 60 institutions in 12 countries taking part – find out more and view our full list of participating institutions.