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Figures
- Fig. 1.
Curvature in the dorsal fin. Still images from the dorsal view of the C-start of a bluegill sunfish (A) 12 ms and (B) 20 ms after the onset of the escape response. Both the soft dorsal (sfD) and anal fins (AF) can be seen. White arrow in A indicates the formation of an S-curve in the span direction of the fin. The two white arrows in B indicate the chordwise undulation in the fin. (C) Close-up of a reconstructed dorsal fin to show the orientation of the three orthogonal axes of an individual fin ray at a single point: span (S), chord (C) and lateral (L) axes. For details, see the Appendix.
- Fig. 2.
Spanwise curvature of the soft dorsal fin rays over time. (A) Turning rate of Mid and its three kinematic events, maximum Stage 1 turning rate (
), rotational transition () and maximum Stage 2 turning rate (), indicated by the white dots, shown to provide reference for the curvature of the associated fin rays. The light gray region indicates the period of Stage 1, starting from T0 (onset of C-start), and the darker grey region indicates the period of Stage 2. (B–F) Spanwise curvature along the percent length of each fin ray within the soft dorsal fin group (sfD) for each time point of a single C-start sequence. Color bar represents the intensity and direction of the spanwise curvature, with positive values (orange–red–dark red) indicating spanwise curvature to the right and negative values (purple–blue–dark blue) indicating spanwise curvature to the left. Data in all panels of this figure and Figs 3, 5, 6 and 8 are from the same representative sequence. - Fig. 3.
Spanwise curvature of the anal fin rays over time. (A) Turning rate of Mid and its three kinematic events, shown to provide reference for the curvature of the associated fin rays. (B–F). Spanwise curvature along the percent length of each fin ray within the anal fin group (sfA) for each time point of a single C-start sequence. Symbols, shading and color bar as in Fig. 2.
- Fig. 4.
Spanwise curvature parameters of the fin rays. (A) Average timing of the initial maximum spanwise curvature to the right. (B) Average of the initial maximum spanwise curvature to the right. (C) Average timing of the following maximum spanwise curvature to the left. (D) Average of the following maximum spanwise curvature to the left. (E) Average timing of the second maximum spanwise curvature to the right. (F) Average of the second maximum spanwise curvature to the right. All timing parameters are in relation to the corresponding time event of the Mid-trunk turning rate,
. For each parameter, Kendall's coefficient of concordance, W, and, if applicable, the multigroup coefficient of concordance, , are provided. Significant position effects are indicated in bold with an asterisk. Bars are means ±1 s.e.m., N=9 sequences from three fish. - Fig. 5.
Chordwise curvature of the soft dorsal fin rays over time. (A) Turning rate of Mid and its three kinematic events, shown to provide reference for the curvature of the associated fin rays. (B–E) Chordwise curvature (perpendicular to the span axis) along the percent length of each fin ray within the soft dorsal fin group (sfD) for each time point of a single C-start sequence. Color bar represents the intensity and direction of chordwise curvature, with positive values (orange–red–dark red) indicating chordwise curvature to the right and negative values (purple–blue–dark blue) indicating chordwise curvature to the left. Symbols and shading as in Fig. 2.
- Fig. 6.
Chordwise curvature of the anal fin rays over time. (A) Turning rate of Mid and its three kinematic events; shown to provide reference for the curvature of the associated fin rays. (B–E) Chordwise curvature (perpendicular to the span axis) along the percent length of each fin ray within the anal fin group (sfA) for each time point of a single C-start sequence. Symbols and shading as in Fig. 2. Color bar as in Fig. 5.
- Fig. 7.
Chordwise curvature parameters of the fin rays. (A) Average timing of the maximum chordwise curvature to the left. (B) Average of the maximum chordwise curvature to the left. (C) Average timing of the maximum chordwise curvature to the right. (D) Average of the maximum chordwise curvature to the right. Symbols as in Fig. 4.
- Fig. 8.
Reconstructed bluegill median fins. The digitally reconstructed bluegill displaying the spanwise curvature across the median fins at different time points over the C-start. (A) Representation of the fish axis, estimated stretched-straight center of mass (ssCOM) and median fins prior to the onset of the C-start (t=0 ms). (B–G) Close-up images of the soft dorsal fin at consecutive time points. Color bar as in Fig. 2
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