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Figures
- Fig. 1.
Spectral reflectance curves of the colors used in the behavioral experiments. Achr. 1-3, achromatic 1-3.
- Fig. 2.
Photopic spectral sensitivity curve for Bombus dahlbomii measured through electroretinogram (ERG) recordings (black dots) using dim flashes (averaging N=10-50), every 20 nm between 300-640 nm (N=7). The continuous line represents the global function fitted to our data, while the dotted line function corresponds to the modeled pigments' sensitivities. The simulation gave λmax values and their relative participation at 355 nm (53%), 425 nm (20%) and 526 nm (27%) (r2=0.99).
- Fig. 3.
Spectral reflectance curves of human red-looking flowers from eight plant species from the temperate forests of southern South America. (A) Tristerix verticillatus, (B) Mitraria coccinea, (C) Eccremocarpus scaber and (D) Desfontainia spinosa belong to the pure red category, while (E) Asteranthera ovata, (F) Crinodendron hookeranum, (G) Embothrium coccineum and (H) Lapageria rosea belong to the blue/red category. The spectral reflectance curves of the leaves (I) for all the species evaluated are included in the figure. For (C) Eccremocarpus scaber and (D) Desfontainia spinosa the secondary colors present in the flowers were also plotted.
- Fig. 4.
Loci of flowers' red coloration pattern in the color diagram representing the bees' color space. (1) Tristerix verticillatus, (2) Mitraria coccinea, (3) Eccremocarpus scaber, (4) Desfontainia spinosa, (5) Asteranthera ovata, (6) Crinodendron hookeranum, (7) Embothrium coccineum and (8) Lapageria rosea. The chromatic coordinates were calculated for each color according to the receptor noise-limited model of honeybee color vision (Vorobyev and Osorio, 1998; Vorobyev et al., 2001). The unity distance corresponds to one standard deviation of the noise. The color locus of the background (foliage average) is by definition at origin of the color diagram (0, 0).
- Fig. 5.
Results of training experiment: percentages of choices for the pure red training stimuli (Tr) (means ± s.e.) as function of the alternative stimulus. The broken line at 50% indicates random choice level. Values in parentheses indicate the total number of choices recorded in each test situation: Tr vs Blue: G=52: P<0.05; Tr vs Achr. 1: G=1.7; NS; Tr vs Achr. 2: G=0.04; NS; Tr vs Achr. 3: G=27; P<0.001; N=4 bees. Achr. 1-3, achromatic 1-3.
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