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Research Article
The mass-specific energy cost of human walking is set by stature
Peter G. Weyand, Bethany R. Smith, Maurice R. Puyau, Nancy F. Butte
Journal of Experimental Biology 2010 213: 3972-3979; doi: 10.1242/jeb.048199
Peter G. Weyand
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  • For correspondence: pweyand@smu.edu
Bethany R. Smith
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Maurice R. Puyau
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Nancy F. Butte
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SUMMARY

The metabolic and mechanical requirements of walking are considered to be of fundamental importance to the health, physiological function and even the evolution of modern humans. Although walking energy expenditure and gait mechanics are clearly linked, a direct quantitative relationship has not emerged in more than a century of formal investigation. Here, on the basis of previous observations that children and smaller adult walkers expend more energy on a per kilogram basis than larger ones do, and the theory of dynamic similarity, we hypothesized that body length (or stature, Lb) explains the apparent body-size dependency of human walking economy. We measured metabolic rates and gait mechanics at six speeds from 0.4 to 1.9 m s–1 in 48 human subjects who varied by a factor of 1.5 in stature and approximately six in both age and body mass. In accordance with theoretical expectation, we found the most economical walking speeds measured (J kg–1 m–1) to be dynamically equivalent (i.e. similar U, where U=velocity2/gravity · leg length) among smaller and larger individuals. At these speeds, stride lengths were directly proportional to stature whereas the metabolic cost per stride was largely invariant (2.74±0.12 J kg–1 stride–1). The tight coupling of stature, gait mechanics and metabolic energy expenditure resulted in an inverse relationship between mass-specific transport costs and stature (Etrans/Mb∝Lb–0.95, J kg–1 m–1). We conclude that humans spanning a broad range of ages, statures and masses incur the same mass-specific metabolic cost to walk a horizontal distance equal to their stature.

FOOTNOTES

  • This work was made possible in part by DAMD17-03-2-0053 from the US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (P.G.W.).

  • Supplementary material available online at http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/full/213/23/3972/DC1

  • LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

    Embedded Image
    energy expenditure
    Embedded Image
    net energy expenditure
    Etrans
    walking transport cost
    Etrans-min
    minimum transport cost
    fstr
    stride frequency
    g
    gravity
    Lb
    body length (stature)
    Lleg
    leg length
    Lstr
    stride length
    Mb
    body mass
    tc
    foot ground-contact time
    tc/tstr
    duty factor (ratio of foot ground-contact time to total stride time)
    tstr
    total stride time
    U
    index of equivalent speed
    V
    walking speed
    • © 2010.
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    Research Article
    The mass-specific energy cost of human walking is set by stature
    Peter G. Weyand, Bethany R. Smith, Maurice R. Puyau, Nancy F. Butte
    Journal of Experimental Biology 2010 213: 3972-3979; doi: 10.1242/jeb.048199
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    Research Article
    The mass-specific energy cost of human walking is set by stature
    Peter G. Weyand, Bethany R. Smith, Maurice R. Puyau, Nancy F. Butte
    Journal of Experimental Biology 2010 213: 3972-3979; doi: 10.1242/jeb.048199

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