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- Table 1.
Effects of serotonergic compounds on hemolymph composition
Control 6-nitroquipazine Alaproclate Methiothepin Stats Osmotic pressure (mosmol l–1) 329±9.9 (11) 329±9.2 (11) 314±13.7 (12) 304±8.8 (12) P<0.01 % Body water 85±0.6(15) 87±0.7 (15) 85±1.0 (15) 85±1.3 (15) P>0.2 % Hemolymph 45±4.3 (6) 48±2.5 (5) 50±2.4 (5) 46.5±2.1 (6) P>0.6 Hemolymph pH 7.5±0.04 (12) 7.6±0.03 (12) 7.7±.04 (11) 7.6±0.03 (12) P<0.002 Hemolymph Na+ (mequiv. l–1) 115±1.7 (8) 103±0.9 (8) 115±3.2 (7) 111±2.3 (8) P<0.002 -
Significant differences are in bold. Values in parentheses are N values
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- Table 2.
Effects of serotonergic compounds on acid excretion rates in μmol g–1 h–1
pH Control Alaproclate Methiothepin 4 –1.4±0.56 (2/10) 1.1±0.72 (4/7) 1.5±0.61 (7/9) P<0.005 7 1.2±0.84 (8/10) 0.4±0.63 (8/10) 1.1±0.33 (9/10) P>0.65 11 5.1±0.66 (9/9) 6.5±0.67 (9/9) 5.1±0.50 (9/9) P>0.2 -
Significant differences are in bold. Values in parentheses are (first number/second number) = (number of larvae excreting net acid/total number of larvae sampled)
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- Table 3.
Analysis of the effects of treatment and exposure time of controls and serotonergic agents 6-nitroquipazine, alaproclate and methiothepin for each ambient salinity and pH
Medium Source of variety Probability F-values Salinity 0 g l–1 Treatment ≪0.001 37.38 Time ≪0.001 50.77 Interaction n.s. 1.92 Salinity 5.25 g l–1 Treatment ≪0.001 30.29 Time ≪0.001 24.66 Interaction n.s. 0.69 Salinity 10.5 g l–1 Treatment ≪0.001 49.28 Time ≪0.001 45.99 Interaction <0.05 2.27 pH 4 Treatment <0.05 3.53 Time <0.01 5.11 Interaction n.s. 0.28 pH 7 Treatment ≪0.001 24.69 Time ≪0.001 17.38 Interaction n.s. 1.54 pH 11 Treatment ≪0.001 160.29 Time ≪0.001 97.01 Interaction <0.001 8.33 -
Significant differences are in bold
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- Fig. 1.
The effects of serotonergic agents on percentage survival over time in media differing in salinity. Serotonergic agents are assayed in (A) 0 g l–1, (B) 5.25 g l–1 and (C) 10.5 g l–1 artificial sea salt. 6-nitroquipazine and alaproclate are assayed at a concentration of 1×10–4 mol l–1; methiothepin at 1×10–5 mol l–1. All treatment and control groups contained 0.1% DMSO (dimethylsulphoxide). N=10 (methiothepin) or N=15 (control, 6-nitroquipazine, alaproclate) replicates, each replicate consisting of 10 larvae. Data are presented as means ± s.e.m.
- Fig. 2.
The effects of serotonergic agents on percentage survival across ambient pH. Serotonergic agents are assayed in (A) pH 4, (B) pH 7 and (C) pH 11 rearing solution. 6-nitroquipazine and alaproclate are assayed at 1×10–4 mol l–1; methiothepin at 1×10–5 mol l–1. Controls consisted of 0.1% DMSO (dimethylsulphoxide). N=10 replicates, each consisting of 10 larvae. Data are presented as means ± s.e.m.
- Fig. 3.
The toxicity of serotonergic agents across salinities (A) and ambient pH (B). The toxicity of each agent was determined from the data presented in Figs 1 and 2, by subtracting the percentage mortality observed in controls at 72 h from the percentage mortality of each treatment group at 72 h. No significant effect of salinity was observed for any agent whereas all three agents showed significant pH-dependent mortality. Data are presented as means ± s.e.m.
- Fig. 4.
Concentration dependence of the toxicity of (A) 6-nitroquipazine, (B) alaproclate, and (C) methiothepin. Survival of larvae during 48 h exposures are shown. Control groups (no drug) are not shown due to the low toxicity of the lowest concentrations tested. Data are presented as means ± s.e.m.
- Fig. 5.
Methiothepin blocks the effects of serotonin on the transepithelial potential (TEP) of the posterior midgut. Methiothepin (open symbols; 1×10–6 mol l–1) or control solution (closed symbols) was added at the first arrow and serotonin (1×10–7 mol l–1) was added to all preparations at the second arrow. N (methiothepin)=7; N (control)=6. Data are presented as means ± s.e.m.
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