Skip to main content
Advertisement

Main menu

  • Home
  • Articles
    • Accepted manuscripts
    • Issue in progress
    • Latest complete issue
    • Issue archive
    • Archive by article type
    • Special issues
    • Subject collections
    • Interviews
    • Sign up for alerts
  • About us
    • About JEB
    • Editors and Board
    • Editor biographies
    • Travelling Fellowships
    • Grants and funding
    • Journal Meetings
    • Workshops
    • The Company of Biologists
    • Journal news
  • For authors
    • Submit a manuscript
    • Aims and scope
    • Presubmission enquiries
    • Article types
    • Manuscript preparation
    • Cover suggestions
    • Editorial process
    • Promoting your paper
    • Open Access
    • Outstanding paper prize
    • Biology Open transfer
  • Journal info
    • Journal policies
    • Rights and permissions
    • Media policies
    • Reviewer guide
    • Sign up for alerts
  • Contacts
    • Contact JEB
    • Subscriptions
    • Advertising
    • Feedback
  • COB
    • About The Company of Biologists
    • Development
    • Journal of Cell Science
    • Journal of Experimental Biology
    • Disease Models & Mechanisms
    • Biology Open

User menu

  • Log in

Search

  • Advanced search
Journal of Experimental Biology
  • COB
    • About The Company of Biologists
    • Development
    • Journal of Cell Science
    • Journal of Experimental Biology
    • Disease Models & Mechanisms
    • Biology Open

supporting biologistsinspiring biology

Journal of Experimental Biology

  • Log in
Advanced search

RSS  Twitter  Facebook  YouTube  

  • Home
  • Articles
    • Accepted manuscripts
    • Issue in progress
    • Latest complete issue
    • Issue archive
    • Archive by article type
    • Special issues
    • Subject collections
    • Interviews
    • Sign up for alerts
  • About us
    • About JEB
    • Editors and Board
    • Editor biographies
    • Travelling Fellowships
    • Grants and funding
    • Journal Meetings
    • Workshops
    • The Company of Biologists
    • Journal news
  • For authors
    • Submit a manuscript
    • Aims and scope
    • Presubmission enquiries
    • Article types
    • Manuscript preparation
    • Cover suggestions
    • Editorial process
    • Promoting your paper
    • Open Access
    • Outstanding paper prize
    • Biology Open transfer
  • Journal info
    • Journal policies
    • Rights and permissions
    • Media policies
    • Reviewer guide
    • Sign up for alerts
  • Contacts
    • Contact JEB
    • Subscriptions
    • Advertising
    • Feedback
Research Article
Mechanism of tongue protraction in microhylid frogs
Jay J. Meyers, James C. O'Reilly, Jenna A. Monroy, Kiisa C. Nishikawa
Journal of Experimental Biology 2004 207: 21-31; doi: 10.1242/jeb.00715
Jay J. Meyers
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
James C. O'Reilly
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Jenna A. Monroy
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Kiisa C. Nishikawa
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • Article
  • Figures & tables
  • Info & metrics
  • PDF
Loading

Article Figures & Tables

Figures

  • Tables
  • Fig. 1.
    • Download figure
    • Open in new tab
    • Download powerpoint
    Fig. 1.

    Tongue aiming ability was quantified by having individuals of Phrynomantis bifasciatus aim into five quadrants: (A) left– 46° to –105°, (B) left –6° to –45°, (C) 0° to 5° to either side, (D) right 6° to 45°, (E) right 46° to 105°. The quadrant is essentially a bib, with the midline of the head designating 0°. As the head of the animal turns, the quadrant follows this movement so that a line drawn down the midline of the head would always be located at 0°.

  • Fig. 2.
    • Download figure
    • Open in new tab
    • Download powerpoint
    Fig. 2.

    Ventral view of the buccal region of a cleared and stained specimen of Phrynomantis bifasciatus. Left and right sides are nearly identical. Major cranial nerves are labeled on the left side and rami of the nerves that innervate the tongue and hyobranchial musculature are labeled on the right side. Branches of the trigeminal nerve (V) innervate the m. submentalis (1) and the m. intermandibularis (2). Branches of the hypoglossal nerve (XII) innervate the m. genioglossus dorsoventralis, longitudinalis and transversalis (3) and the m. hyoglossus (4). The glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) is dorsal to the hypoglossal nerve and innervates other hyobranchial musculature and the tongue pad. Numbers 1 and 3 are located at the approximate sites of nerve transection for denervation of the m. intermandibularis and m. genioglossus lateralis and dorsoventralis, respectively.

  • Fig. 3.
    • Download figure
    • Open in new tab
    • Download powerpoint
    Fig. 3.

    Ventral view of the superficial throat musculature in two anurans. (A) Undifferentiated m. intermandibularis posterior of a typical frog. (B) Differentiation of the m. intermandibularis posterior into two separate accessory slips in Phrynomantis bifasciatus. mm, mentomeckelian element; sm, m. submentalis; ip, m. intermandibularis posterior; m, mandible; ih, m. interhyoideus; ipa1, m. intermandibularis posterior accessory 1; ipa2, m. intermandibularis posterior accessory 2.

  • Fig. 4.
    • Download figure
    • Open in new tab
    • Download powerpoint
    Fig. 4.

    Sagittal section of the tongue of Phrynomantis bifasciatus. (A) Note that the fibers of the m. genioglossus dorsoventralis are directed longitudinally and then dorso-ventrally. (B) Magnified view of the m. genioglossus dorsoventralis. Single fibers run in both the longitudinal and vertical planes. d, dentary; gh, m. geniohyoideus; ggdv, m. genioglossus dorsoventralis; ggl, genioglossus longitudinalis; h, hyobranchium; hg, m. hyoglossus; im, m. intermandibularis; ggt, m. genioglossus transversalis; m, mucosal layer. Scale bar, 1 mm.

  • Fig. 5.
    • Download figure
    • Open in new tab
    • Download powerpoint
    Fig. 5.

    Examples of tongue aiming in microhylid frogs: (A) Phrynomantis bifasciatus; (B) Dyscophus insularis; (C) Scaphiophryne marmorata; (D) Dermatonotus muelleri; (E) Kaloula pulchra; (F) Callulina sp.; (G) Gastrophryne olivacea; (H) Breviceps adspersus; (I) Microhyla sp.; (J) Probreviceps sp. Note the angle of the tongue in relation to the midline of the head. All pictures were taken with the camera positioned at 45°, except H and J, which were head-on profiles.

  • Fig. 6.
    • Download figure
    • Open in new tab
    • Download powerpoint
    Fig. 6.

    Tongue protraction in Phrynomantis bifasciatus when prey is placed directly in front of the animal. (A) Normal feeding. There is no deviation of the tongue when attempting to capture prey. (B) After right unilateral m. submentalis and m. intermandibularis denervation, the tongue is protracted normally. (C) After right unilateral m. genioglossus (both longitudinalis and dorsoventralis) denervation, the tongue deviates towards the right (inactive) side. Animals are no longer able to capture prey placed directly in front of the head or towards the active side.

Tables

  • Figures
  • Table 1.

    Mean ± s.d. of tongue angles in each quadrant for six individuals of Phrynomerus bifasciatus, together with the results of a t-test examining the effect on aiming after right unilateral M. genioglossus denervation on one individual

    IndividualQuadrant A (—105° to —46°)Quadrant B (—45° to —6°)Quadrant C (—5° to +5°)Quadrant D (+6° to +45°)Quadrant E (+46° to +105°)
    Normal
    1—57.0±10.9—33.8±8.50.4±0.5+32.2±8.4+62.0±14.8
    2—51.2±3.0—32.8±8.90.8±0.8+32.4±6.1+57.8±4.3
    3—60.0±1.4—33.0±3.42.0±2.1+37.3±4.6+67.5±20.0
    4—60.2±18.2—36.4±6.90.2±0.4+32.6±3.5+84.2±21.3
    5—52.2±5.6—30.4±8.21.0±1.4+35.4±8.1+51.0±5.5
    6—55.3±11.4—30.5±9.50.8±1.3+36.8±5.1+62.3±6.3
    After right unilateral M. genioglossus denervation
    3+30.0±16.5*+38.0±9.4*+34.6±4.0*+38.6±5.9+64.3±19.0
    • ↵* Aiming was significantly (P<0.05) affected in quadrants A, B and C, in which the tongue consistently deviated towards the intact side (animal's right side)

  • Table 2.

    Species in which tongue aiming ability was examined, including the number of animals observed, presence or absence of aiming, maximum tongue angle when aiming, mean angle of tongue deviation after unilateral m. genioglossus denervation (when prey is presented directly in front of the frog) and direction of deviation after unilateral denervation

    SpeciesNAimingMaximum tongue angleUnilateral m. genioglossusSide of deviation
    Bufonidae
          Bufo woodhousii3No00No deviation
    Ranidae
          Rana pipiens3Little520Active side
    Microhylidae
       Brevicipitinae
          Breviceps mossambicus7Yes83——
          Callulina kreffti4Yes52——
          Probreviceps sp.1Yes44——
       Cophylinae
          Platypelis tuberifera1Yes29——
       Dyscophinae
          Dyscophus guineti5Yes536Inactive side
       Microhylinae
          Dermatonotus muelleri5Yes10947Inactive side
          Gastrophryne olivacea5Yes777Inactive side
          Gastrophryne carolinensis2Yes48——
          Hypopachus variolosus1Yes42——
          Kaloula pulchra5Yes329Inactive side
          Microhyla achatina3Yes53——
          Microhyla pulchra9Yes———
       Phrynomerinae
          Phrynomantis bifasciatus20Yes10344Inactive side
          Phrynomantis microps3Yes———
       Scaphiophryninae
          Scaphiophryne calcarata1Yes23——
          Scaphiophryne gottlebei3Yes———
          Scaphiophryne marmorata2Yes62—Inactive side
          Scaphiophryne pustulosa7Yes3322Inactive side
Previous ArticleNext Article
Back to top
Previous ArticleNext Article

This Issue

 Download PDF

Email

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on Journal of Experimental Biology.

NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
Mechanism of tongue protraction in microhylid frogs
(Your Name) has sent you a message from Journal of Experimental Biology
(Your Name) thought you would like to see the Journal of Experimental Biology web site.
Share
Research Article
Mechanism of tongue protraction in microhylid frogs
Jay J. Meyers, James C. O'Reilly, Jenna A. Monroy, Kiisa C. Nishikawa
Journal of Experimental Biology 2004 207: 21-31; doi: 10.1242/jeb.00715
del.icio.us logo Digg logo Reddit logo Twitter logo CiteULike logo Facebook logo Google logo Mendeley logo
Citation Tools
Research Article
Mechanism of tongue protraction in microhylid frogs
Jay J. Meyers, James C. O'Reilly, Jenna A. Monroy, Kiisa C. Nishikawa
Journal of Experimental Biology 2004 207: 21-31; doi: 10.1242/jeb.00715

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
Alerts

Please log in to add an alert for this article.

Sign in to email alerts with your email address

Article navigation

  • Top
  • Article
    • SUMMARY
    • Introduction
    • Materials and methods
    • Results
    • Discussion
    • References
  • Figures & tables
  • Info & metrics
  • PDF

Related articles

Cited by...

More in this TOC section

  • A new method for mapping spatial resolution in compound eyes suggests two visual streaks in fiddler crabs
  • Habitual foot strike pattern does not affect simulated triceps surae muscle metabolic energy consumption during running
  • Experimental evidence that physical activity affects the multivariate associations among muscle attachments (entheses)
Show more RESEARCH ARTICLE

Similar articles

Other journals from The Company of Biologists

Development

Journal of Cell Science

Disease Models & Mechanisms

Biology Open

Advertisement

Meet the team at SICB – 3-7 January 2020

Meet the Journal of Experimental Biology team at the SICB 2020 meeting in Austin, Texas! News & Views Editor Kathryn Knight and Reviews Editor Stefan Galander will be at booth 507, along with a selection of JEB goodies including the 2020 Calendar, 2019 Highlights booklet and new JEB T-shirts.


Springy bamboo poles help villagers carry more than their own body weight

One of the villagers walking with a flexible bamboo pole

People in Southeast Asia often carry extremely heavy loads suspended from a bouncy bamboo pole slung over one shoulder. It turns out that they adjust their stride to bounce in time with the pole, allowing them to save 20% of their energy. Read more.


Two-year pilot transitional open access agreement

We are excited to announce a two-year pilot transitional open access agreement with Jisc from January 2020. Researchers at participating institutions will have unlimited access to The Company of Biologists’ three subscription journals and will be able to publish their research papers open access. Find out more.


Commentary — The utility and determination of Pcrit in fishes

Gordon Ultsch and Matthew Regan outline why Pcrit is a useful and informative comparator of hypoxia tolerance in fishes, provided it is determined using standardized respirometry methods and sound statistical approaches.


Where will your research take you?

Early-career researchers can apply for up to £2,500 to offset the cost of travel and expenses to make collaborative visits to other labs around the world. Read about Pierre’s experience in Greenland, where he continued research into the Greenland Shark’s remarkable longevity.

Articles

  • Accepted manuscripts
  • Issue in progress
  • Latest complete issue
  • Issue archive
  • Archive by article type
  • Special issues
  • Subject collections
  • Interviews
  • Sign up for alerts

About us

  • About JEB
  • Editors and Board
  • Editor biographies
  • Travelling Fellowships
  • Grants and funding
  • Journal Meetings
  • Workshops
  • The Company of Biologists
  • Journal news

For Authors

  • Submit a manuscript
  • Aims and scope
  • Presubmission enquiries
  • Article types
  • Manuscript preparation
  • Cover suggestions
  • Editorial process
  • Promoting your paper
  • Open Access
  • Outstanding paper prize
  • Biology Open transfer

Journal Info

  • Journal policies
  • Rights and permissions
  • Media policies
  • Reviewer guide
  • Sign up for alerts

Contact

  • Contact JEB
  • Subscriptions
  • Advertising
  • Feedback

 Twitter   YouTube   LinkedIn

© 2019   The Company of Biologists Ltd   Registered Charity 277992