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Figures
- Fig. 1.
(A) The equine forelimb, showing the muscles associated with weight bearing. (B) The limb can be conceptually divided into two springs, representing the proximal part of the limb (shoulder to elbow) and the distal part of the limb (elbow to digit). (C) The length of the springs during the stance phase can be calculated using Pythagarus theorem. MCP, metacarpo-phalangeal; DIP, distal interphalangeal; SDF, superficial digital flexor; DDF, deep digital flexor; AL, accessory ligament: SL, suspensory ligament; T, tendon.
- Fig. 6.
A typical plot of the relationship between metacarpo-phalangeal (MCP) joint angle and vertical ground reaction force (GRF) during the stance phase of trot for one horse.
- Table 1.
Mean (range) length changes in the left forelimb of four horses during the stance phase of trot (3.5 m s-1), right lead canter (6 m s-1 and 8 m s-1) and right lead gallop (12 m s-1)
Speed (m s-1) 3.5 6 8 12 Proximal length change (mm) 12 (6-14) 6 (4-9) 11 (3-16) 12 (9-15) Distal length change (mm) 80 (67-86) 86 (68-96) 96 (80-109) 127 (106-128) Ratio of mean length change Distal:Proximal 7.9 15.2 12.7 10.0 -
Proximal length change is that which occurs between the proximal scapula and the elbow joint; distal length change is that which occurs between the elbow and the hoof (N=4).
-
- Fig. 2.
(A) Leg length (centre of rotation of the elbow joint to the hoof) and (B) metacarpo-phalangeal (MCP) joint angle—limb force relationship for an equine distal limb during in vitro loading. The solid lines are linear regression lines: (A) y=-0.2089x+132, r2=0.996 and (B) y=0.3821x+78.0, r2=0.994.
- Fig. 3.
Linear regression lines of the metacarpo-phalangeal (MCP) joint angle—limb force relationship for nine distal limbs during in vitro loading. r2 values for these relationships were 0.983-0.996.
- Fig. 4.
Metacarpo-phalangeal (MCP) joint angle—limb force relationship for an equine distal limb during unstimulated (blue) and stimulated (red) in vitro loading.
- Fig. 5.
Mean vertical ground reaction force (GRF blue) and metacarpo-phalangeal (MCP) joint angle during forelimb stance of ridden walk (A), trot (B), lead canter (C), non-lead canter (D) and jump landing (E) on a soft riding surface for horse 1. The dotted lines represent ± 1 S.D. (N=4).
- Table 2.
Peak MCP joint angle, vertical GRF and the vertical GRF associated with an MCP joint angle of 230° (calculated from linear regression lines of the loading phase of the MCP joint angle—vertical GRF relationship for each horse/gait) during the stance phase of walk, trot, lead canter, non-lead canter and jump landing
Walk Trot Lead canter Non-lead canter Jump landing Peak MCP joint angle (degrees) 216±5 232±4 228±2 238±7 234±6 Peak vertical GRF (N kg-1) 6.16±0.53 10.73±1.22 9.74±1.40 11.96±0.66 10.60±1.27 Vertical GRF at MCP joint angle of 230° (loading) (N kg-1) 9.25±1.13 9.99±1.23 10.49±1.22 9.40±1.23 9.80±1.88 Vertical GRF at MCP joint angle of 230° (unloading) (N kg-1) 9.66±1.80 9.39±1.23 9.67±1.16 8.83±1.34 8.74±1.00 -
Values are means ± S.D. (N=4-7).
MCP, metacarpo-phalangeal; GRF, vertical ground reaction force.
-
- Fig. 7.
The relationship between metacarpo-phalangeal (MCP) joint angle and vertical ground reaction force (GRF) during the stance phase of walk (pink), trot (red), lead canter (blue dashed), non-lead canter (blue) and jump landing (green) for horse 1.
- Fig. 8.
Peak metacarpo-phalangeal (MCP) joint angle versus peak vertical ground reaction force (GRF) for each gait of each horse. The different symbols represent the different horses. Linear regression lines are shown for each horse. The black broken line represents the relationship between MCP joint angle and vertical GRF for the population of horses; y=0.2113x-38.68, r2=0.70.
- Fig. 9.
Mean vertical ground reaction force (GRF; blue) and metacarpo-phalangeal (MCP) joint angle (red) during forelimb stance of in-hand trot on a hard surface for one horse. The dotted lines represent ± 1 S.D. (N=4).
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