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Figures
- Table 1.
Wing shape and other morphological measurements of Mystacina tuberculata from Fiordland
Parameter Females (N=9) Males (N=9) Body mass (g) 15.99±0.78 13.91±1.29 Forearm length (mm) 43.89±1.05 42.21±0.56 Wingspan (m) 0.315±0.008 0.296±0.0113 Wing area (m2) 0.0160±0.0010 0.0159±0.0007 Aspect ratio 6.20±0.30 5.54±0.48 Wing loading (Nm-2) 9.86±0.83 8.61±0.79 Tip length ratio 1.38±0.07 1.33±0.07 Tip area ratio 0.91±0.08 0.78±0.06 Tip shape index 1.99±0.40 1.47±0.33 -
Wing shape parameters were defined by Norberg and Rayner (1987). Means ± S.D. are reported.
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- Table 2.
Echolocation call measurements made from free-flying Mystacina tuberculata
Call parameter Forest (N=31 calls, 9 bats) Open (N=11 calls, 3 bats) Pulse duration (ms) 2.5±0.4 3.5±0.3 Pulse interval (ms) 72.3±23.4 80.7±18.9 Minimum frequency of fundamental harmonic (kHz) 18.6±0.8 19.3±0.8 Frequency of most energy in fundamental harmonic (kHz) 27.7±2.7 26.6±1.4 Maximum frequency of fundamental harmonic (kHz) 37.4±2.1 36.3±1.5 Upper frequency of third harmonic (kHz) 90.7±4.9 86.3±2.9 Frequency of most energy in second harmonic (kHz) 49.3±2.5 45.5±1.7 -
Calls were recorded in a forested area close to the roost or from three bats released in an open area devoid of trees. Means ± S.D. of all calls are reported.
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- Fig. 1.
Search-phase calls of free-flying Mystacina tuberculata. (A) The waveform and (B) the spectrogram of two consecutive calls. (C) A power spectrum of the second call. Spectral analyses were performed with a 512 point FFT and a Hanning window.
- Fig. 2.
A typical attack sequence of Mystacina tuberculata capturing a suspended insect in a flight room. (A) The waveform, (B) the spectrogram, (C) a power spectrum of the second call in the sequence (search phase) and (D) a power spectrum of the penultimate call (terminal phase). Spectral analyses were performed with a 512 point FFT and a Hanning window. Echoes have been removed from the sequence for clarity. Contact with the prey is shown by the low-frequency sound marked by the arrow in A.
- Fig. 3.
A typical sequence of echolocation calls produced by Mystacina tuberculata locating a live mealworm buried in leaf litter. Waveforms are shown above spectrograms (512 point window) FFT, Hanning for three consecutive recording sequences. The bat emits search-phase calls as it orients in the room. It lands with a loud crash and then emits echolocation calls as it searches for the prey while on the ground. The low repetition rate of calls when on the ground and the absence of an increase in repetition rate immediately prior to finding the mealworm suggest that echolocation is not used for prey detection and localization, only for general orientation when on the ground. Notice the sudden increase in repetition rate once the bat becomes airborne again.
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