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Research Article
Anterior vena caval oxygen profiles in a deep-diving California sea lion: arteriovenous shunts, a central venous oxygen store, and oxygenation during lung collapse
Michael S. Tift, Luis A. Hückstädt, Paul J. Ponganis
Journal of Experimental Biology 2017 : jeb.163428 doi: 10.1242/jeb.163428 Published 30 October 2017
Michael S. Tift
Scripps Institution of Oceanography - University of California San Diego. Center for Marine Biodiversity and Biomedicine, 8655 Kennel Way, La Jolla CA, 92037, USA
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  • For correspondence: tift.mike@gmail.com
Luis A. Hückstädt
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz. Long Marine Lab, 115 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz CA, 95060, USA
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Paul J. Ponganis
Scripps Institution of Oceanography - University of California San Diego. Center for Marine Biodiversity and Biomedicine, 8655 Kennel Way, La Jolla CA, 92037, USA
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Abstract

Deep-diving California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) can maintain arterial hemoglobin saturation (SO2) above 90% despite lung collapse (lack of gas exchange) and extremely low posterior vena caval SO2 in the middle of the dive. We investigated anterior vena caval PO2 and SO2 during dives of an adult female sea lion to investigate two hypotheses: a) posterior vena caval SO2 is not representative of the entire venous oxygen store and b) a well-oxygenated (arterialized) central venous oxygen reservoir might account for maintenance of arterial SO2 during lung collapse. During deep dives, initial anterior vena caval SO2 was elevated at 83.6 + 8.4 % (n=102), presumably due to arteriovenous shunting. It remained high until the bottom phase of the dive and then decreased during ascent, whereas previously determined posterior vena caval SO2 declined during descent and then often increased during ascent. These divergent patterns confirmed that posterior vena caval SO2 was not representative of the entire venous oxygen store. Prior to, and early during descent of deep-dives, the high SO2s of both the anterior and posterior venae cavae may enhance arterialization of a central venous oxygen store. However, anterior vena caval SO2 values at depths beyond lung collapse reached levels as low as 40%, making it unlikely that even a completely arterialized central venous oxygen store could account for maintenance of high arterial SO2. These findings suggest that maintenance of high arterial SO2 during deep dives is due to persistence of some gas exchange at depths beyond presumed lung collapse.

  • Received May 23, 2017.
  • Accepted October 26, 2017.
  • © 2017. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd
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Keywords

  • Blood oxygen
  • Dive
  • Hemoglobin saturation
  • Otariid
  • Vena cava

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Anterior vena caval oxygen profiles in a deep-diving California sea lion: arteriovenous shunts, a central venous oxygen store, and oxygenation during lung collapse
Michael S. Tift, Luis A. Hückstädt, Paul J. Ponganis
Journal of Experimental Biology 2017 : jeb.163428 doi: 10.1242/jeb.163428 Published 30 October 2017
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Anterior vena caval oxygen profiles in a deep-diving California sea lion: arteriovenous shunts, a central venous oxygen store, and oxygenation during lung collapse
Michael S. Tift, Luis A. Hückstädt, Paul J. Ponganis
Journal of Experimental Biology 2017 : jeb.163428 doi: 10.1242/jeb.163428 Published 30 October 2017

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