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Research Article
Risso's dolphins plan foraging dives
Patricia Arranz, Kelly J. Benoit-Bird, Brandon L. Southall, John Calambokidis, Ari S. Friedlaender, Peter L. Tyack
Journal of Experimental Biology 2018 221: jeb165209 doi: 10.1242/jeb.165209 Published 28 February 2018
Patricia Arranz
Sea Mammal Research Unit, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, East Sands, St Andrews KY16 8LB, UKDepartment of Animal Biology, University of La Laguna, Avda. Astrofisico Fco Sanchez s/n, La Laguna 36200, Tenerife, Spain
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  • ORCID record for Patricia Arranz
  • For correspondence: arranz@ull.es
Kelly J. Benoit-Bird
Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA
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Brandon L. Southall
Southall Environmental Associates, 9099 Soquel Drive, Suite 8, Aptos, CA 95003, USALong Marine Laboratory, Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High St, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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John Calambokidis
Cascadia Research Collective, 218 1/2 4th Ave W, Olympia, WA 98501, USA
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Ari S. Friedlaender
Southall Environmental Associates, 9099 Soquel Drive, Suite 8, Aptos, CA 95003, USADepartment of Fisheries and Wildlife, Marine Mammal Institute, 2030 Marine Science Drive, Newport, OR 97365, USA
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Peter L. Tyack
Sea Mammal Research Unit, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, East Sands, St Andrews KY16 8LB, UK
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ABSTRACT

Humans remember the past and use that information to plan future actions. Lab experiments that test memory for the location of food show that animals have a similar capability to act in anticipation of future needs, but less work has been done on animals foraging in the wild. We hypothesized that planning abilities are critical and common in breath-hold divers who adjust each dive to forage on prey varying in quality, location and predictability within constraints of limited oxygen availability. We equipped Risso's dolphins with sound-and-motion recording tags to reveal where they focus their attention through their externally observable echolocation and how they fine tune search strategies in response to expected and observed prey distribution. The information from the dolphins was integrated with synoptic prey data obtained from echosounders on an underwater vehicle. At the start of the dives, whales adjusted their echolocation inspection ranges in ways that suggest planning to forage at a particular depth. Once entering a productive prey layer, dolphins reduced their search range comparable to the scale of patches within the layer, suggesting that they were using echolocation to select prey within the patch. On ascent, their search range increased, indicating that they decided to stop foraging within that layer and started searching for prey in shallower layers. Information about prey, learned throughout the dive, was used to plan foraging in the next dive. Our results demonstrate that planning for future dives is modulated by spatial memory derived from multi-modal prey sampling (echoic, visual and capture) during earlier dives.

FOOTNOTES

  • Competing interests

    The authors declare no competing or financial interests.

  • Author contributions

    Conceptualization: P.A., K.J.B., B.L.S., P.L.T.; Methodology: K.J.B., B.L.S.; Software: K.J.B.; Validation: P.L.T.; Formal analysis: P.A., K.J.B.; Investigation: P.A., K.J.B., J.C., A.S.F.; Resources: J.C., A.S.F.; Data curation: P.A., K.J.B.; Writing - original draft: P.A.; Writing - review & editing: P.A., K.J.B., B.L.S., J.C., A.S.F., P.L.T.; Supervision: P.L.T.; Project administration: B.L.S., J.C., P.L.T.; Funding acquisition: K.J.B., B.L.S., J.C., P.L.T.

  • Funding

    Funding for the SOCAL-BRS project was provided by the Chief of Naval Operations Environmental Readiness Division, the U.S. Navy's Living Marine Resources Program, and the Office of Naval Research Marine Mammal Program. The Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program via a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Contract (K.J.B. and B.L.S.) provided funding for data collection and prey analysis. This study was supported by the MASTS pooling initiative (Marine Alliance for Science and Technology for Scotland). MASTS is funded by the Scottish Funding Council (grant reference HR09011) and contributing institutions.

  • Data availability

    Data are available from the Dryad Digital Repository (Arranz et al., 2017): http://doi:10.5061/dryad.48vq4

  • Received June 21, 2017.
  • Accepted December 18, 2017.
  • © 2018. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd
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Keywords

  • Predator–prey dynamics
  • Perceptual range
  • Grampus griseus
  • Animal decision making
  • Episodic-like memory
  • Foraging behaviour

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Risso's dolphins plan foraging dives
Patricia Arranz, Kelly J. Benoit-Bird, Brandon L. Southall, John Calambokidis, Ari S. Friedlaender, Peter L. Tyack
Journal of Experimental Biology 2018 221: jeb165209 doi: 10.1242/jeb.165209 Published 28 February 2018
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Risso's dolphins plan foraging dives
Patricia Arranz, Kelly J. Benoit-Bird, Brandon L. Southall, John Calambokidis, Ari S. Friedlaender, Peter L. Tyack
Journal of Experimental Biology 2018 221: jeb165209 doi: 10.1242/jeb.165209 Published 28 February 2018

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