QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s):
Home     Help     Feedback     Subscriptions     Archive     Search     Table of Contents

This Article Summary Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Blob, R. W. Articles by Biewener, A. A. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Blob, R. W. Articles by Biewener, A. A.

Alexander, R. McN (1981). Factors of safety in the structure of animals. Sci. Prog 67, 109-.[Medline]

Alexander, R. McN (1997). A theory of mixed chains applied to safety factors in biological systems. J. Theor. Biol 184, 247-.[Medline]

Bertram, J. E. A. and Biewener, A. A (1990). Differential scaling of the long bones in the terrestrial Carnivora and other mammals. J. Morph 204, 157-.[Medline]

Biewener, A. A (1983). Locomotory stresses in the limb bones of two small mammals: the ground squirrel and chipmunk. J. Exp. Biol 103, 131-.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Biewener, A. A (1983). Allometry of quadrupedal locomotion: the scaling of duty factor, bone curvature and limb orientation to body size. J. Exp. Biol 105, 147-.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Biewener, A. A (1989). Scaling body support in mammals: limb posture and muscle mechanics. Science 245, 45-.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Biewener, A. A (1990). Biomechanics of mammalian terrestrial locomotion. Science 250, 1097-.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Biewener, A. A (1991). Musculoskeletal design in relation to body size. J. Biomech 24, 1-.[Medline]

Biewener, A. A (1993). Safety factors in bone strength. Calcif. Tissue Int 53, 1-.[Medline]

Biewener, A. A. and Bertram, J. E. A (1993). Skeletal strainR. W. BLOBANDA. A. BIEWENER1045 Limb bone strain in Alligator and Iguanapatterns in relation to exercise training during growth. J. Exp. Biol 185, 51-.[Abstract]

Biewener, A. A. and Dial, K. P (1995). In vivo strain in the humerus of pigeons ( Columba livia ) during flight. J. Morph 225, 61-.

Biewener, A. A., Swartz, S. M. and Bertram, J. E. A (1986). Bone modeling during growth: dynamic strain equilibrium in the chick tibiotarsus. Calcif. Tissue Int 39, 390-.[Medline]

Biewener, A. A. and Taylor, C. R (1986). Bone strain: a determinant of gait and speed. J. Exp. Biol 123, 383-.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Biewener, A. A., Thomason, J., Goodship, A. and Lanyon, L. E (1983). Bone stress in the horse forelimb during locomotion at different gaits: a comparison of two experimental methods. J. Biomech 16, 565-.[Medline]

Brinkman, D (1980). Structural correlates of tarsal and metatarsal functioning in Iguana (Lacertilia; Iguanidae) and other lizards. Can. J. Zool 58, 277-.

Brinkman, D (1980). The hind limb step cycle of Caiman sclerops and the mechanics of the crocodile tarsus and metatarsus. Can. J. Zool 58, 2187-.

Brochu, C. A (1997). Morphology, fossils, divergence timing and the phylogenetic relationships of Gavialis. Syst. Biol 46, 479-.

Burr, D. B., Martin, R. B., Schaffler, M. B. and Radin, E. L (1985). Bone remodeling in response to in vivo fatigue microdamage. J. Biomech 18, 189-.[Medline]

Burstein, A. H., Currey, J. D., Frankel, V. H. and Reilly, D. T (1972). The ultimate properties of bone tissue: the effects of yielding. J. Biomech 5, 35-.[Medline]

Carter, D. R (1978). Anisotropic analysis of strain rosette information from cortical bone. J. Biomech 11, 199-.[Medline]

Cavagna, G. A., Heglund, N. C. and Taylor, C. R (1977). Mechanical work in terrestrial locomotion: two basic mechanisms for minimizing energy expenditure. Am. J. Physiol 233, 243-.

Currey, J. D (1990). Physical characteristics affecting the tensile failure properties of compact bone. J. Biomech 23, 837-.[Medline]

Currey, J. D. and Brear, K (1974). Tensile yield in bone. Calc. Tissue Res 15, 173-.[Medline]

Diamond, J. and Hammond, K (1992). The matches, achieved by natural selection, between biological capacities and their natural loads. Experientia 48, 551-.[Medline]

Edgren, R. A (1960). A seasonal change in bone density in female musk turtles, Sternothaerus odoratus (Latreille). Comp. Biochem. Physiol 1, 213-.

Gatesy, S. M (1991). Hind limb scaling in birds and other theropods: implications for terrestrial locomotion. J. Morph 209, 83-.

Gatesy, S. M (1997). An electromyographic analysis of hindlimb function in Alligator during terrestrial locomotion. J. Morph 234, 197-.

Gould, S. J (1971). Geometric scaling in allometric growth: a contribution to the problem of scaling in the evolution of size. Am. Nat 105, 113-.

Jenkins, F. A., Jr and Parrington, F. R (1976). The postcranial skeletons of the Triassic mammals Eozostrodon , Megazostrodon and Erythrotherium. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 273, 387-.[Medline]

Keller, T. S. and Spengler, D. M (1989). Regulation of bone stress and strain in the immature and mature rat femur. J. Biomech 22, 1115-.[Medline]

Lande, R. and Arnold, S. J (1983). The measurement of selection on correlated characters. Evolution 37, 1210-.

Lanyon, L. E., Goodship, A. E., Pye, C. J. and MacFie, J. H (1982). Mechanically adaptive bone remodelling. J. Biomech 15, 141-.[Medline]

Lowell, R. B (1985). Selection for increased safety factors of biological structures as environmental unpredictability increases. Science 228, 1009-.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Owerkowicz, T. and Crompton, A. W (1997). Effects of exerciseand diet on bone-building: a monitor case. J. Morph 232, 306-.

Peterson, J. A. and Zernicke, R. F (1987). The geometric and mechanical properties of limb bones in the lizard, Dipsosaurus dorsalis. J. Biomech 20, 902-.

Reilly, S. M. and DeLancey, M. J (1997). Sprawling locomotion in the lizard Sceloporus clarkii : quantitative kinematics of a walking trot. J. Exp. Biol 200, 753-.[Abstract]

Reilly, S. M. and Elias, J. A (1998). Locomotion in Alligator mississippiensis : kinematic effects of speed and posture and their relevance to the sprawling-to-erect paradigm. J. Exp. Biol 201, 2559-.[Abstract]

Rewcastle, S. C (1983). Fundamental adaptations in the lacertilian hindlimb: a partial analysis of the sprawling limb posture and gait. Copeia 1983, 476-.

Rubin, C. T. and Lanyon, L. E (1982). Limb mechanics as a function of speed and gait: a study of functional strains in the radius and tibia of horse and dog. J. Exp. Biol 101, 187-.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Rubin, C. T. and Lanyon, L. E (1984). Dynamic strain similarity in vertebrates: an alternative to allometric limb bone scaling. J. Theor. Biol 107, 321-.[Medline]

Snyder, R. C (1952). Quadrupedal and bipedal locomotion of lizards. Copeia 1952, 64-.

Snyder, R. C (1962). Adaptations for bipedal locomotion of lizards. Am. Zool 2, 191-.

Suzuki, H. K (1963). Studies on the osseous system of the slider turtle. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci 109, 351-.

Swartz, S. M., Bennett, M. B. and Carrier, D. R (1992). Wing bone stresses in free flying bats and the evolution of skeletal design for flight. Nature 359, 726-.[Medline]

Swartz, S. M., Bertram, J. E. A. and Biewener, A. A (1989). Telemetered in vivo strain analysis of locomotor mechanics in brachiating gibbons. Nature 342, 270-.[Medline]

Wink, C. S. and Elsey, R. M (1986). Changes in femoral morphology during egg-laying in Alligator mississippiensis. J. Morph 189, 183-.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				M. T. Butcher, N. R. Espinoza, S. R. Cirilo, and R. W. Blob In vivo strains in the femur of river cooter turtles (Pseudemys concinna) during terrestrial locomotion: tests of force-platform models of loading mechanics J. Exp. Biol., August 1, 2008; 211(15): 2397 - 2407. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. T. Butcher and R. W. Blob Mechanics of limb bone loading during terrestrial locomotion in river cooter turtles (Pseudemys concinna) J. Exp. Biol., July 15, 2008; 211(14): 2369 - 2369. [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. T. Butcher and R. W. Blob Mechanics of limb bone loading during terrestrial locomotion in river cooter turtles (Pseudemys concinna) J. Exp. Biol., April 15, 2008; 211(8): 1186 - 1186. [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. T. Butcher and R. W. Blob Mechanics of limb bone loading during terrestrial locomotion in river cooter turtles (Pseudemys concinna) J. Exp. Biol., April 15, 2008; 211(8): 1187 - 1202. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. A. Moreno, R. P. Main, and A. A. Biewener Variability in forelimb bone strains during non-steady locomotor activities in goats J. Exp. Biol., April 1, 2008; 211(7): 1148 - 1162. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. J. Carlson and S. Judex Increased non-linear locomotion alters diaphyseal bone shape J. Exp. Biol., September 1, 2007; 210(17): 3117 - 3125. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. P. Main and A. A. Biewener Skeletal strain patterns and growth in the emu hindlimb during ontogeny J. Exp. Biol., August 1, 2007; 210(15): 2676 - 2690. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. M. Day and B. C. Jayne Interspecific scaling of the morphology and posture of the limbs during the locomotion of cats (Felidae) J. Exp. Biol., February 15, 2007; 210(4): 642 - 654. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. L. Organ Biomechanics of ossified tendons in ornithopod dinosaurs Paleobiology, December 1, 2006; 32(4): 652 - 665. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. J. Kemp, K. N. Bachus, J. A. Nairn, and D. R. Carrier Functional trade-offs in the limb bones of dogs selected for running versus fighting J. Exp. Biol., September 15, 2005; 208(18): 3475 - 3482. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. M. Reilly, J. S. Willey, A. R. Biknevicius, and R. W. Blob Hindlimb function in the alligator: integrating movements, motor patterns, ground reaction forces and bone strain of terrestrial locomotion J. Exp. Biol., March 15, 2005; 208(6): 993 - 1009. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. P. Main and A. A. Biewener Ontogenetic patterns of limb loading, in vivo bone strains and growth in the goat radius J. Exp. Biol., July 1, 2004; 207(15): 2577 - 2588. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. J. Hudson, M. B. Bennett, and C. E. Franklin Effect of aestivation on long bone mechanical properties in the green-striped burrowing frog, Cyclorana alboguttata J. Exp. Biol., February 1, 2004; 207(3): 475 - 482. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. S. Willey, A. R. Biknevicius, S. M. Reilly, and K. D. Earls The tale of the tail: limb function and locomotor mechanics in Alligator mississippiensis J. Exp. Biol., February 1, 2004; 207(3): 553 - 563. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. M. Reilly and R. W. Blob Motor control of locomotor hindlimb posture in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) J. Exp. Biol., December 1, 2003; 206(23): 4327 - 4340. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Evolution of hindlimb posture in nonmammalian therapsids: biomechanical tests of paleontological hypotheses Paleobiology, March 1, 2001; 27(1): 14 - 38.

				R. Blob and A. Biewener Mechanics of limb bone loading during terrestrial locomotion in the green iguana (Iguana iguana) and American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) J. Exp. Biol., January 3, 2001; 204(6): 1099 - 1122. [Abstract] [PDF]

				D. Irschick and B. Jayne Size matters: ontogenetic variation in the three-dimensional kinematics of steady-speed locomotion in the lizard Dipsosaurus dorsalis J. Exp. Biol., January 7, 2000; 203(14): 2133 - 2148. [Abstract] [PDF]

This Article Summary Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Blob, R. W. Articles by Biewener, A. A. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Blob, R. W. Articles by Biewener, A. A.