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Fig. 6. The Q- and W-contours at different spanwise locations at
three typical stroke phases. Positive Q-contours denote the vortex
cores, while negative Q-contours denote the strain-dominating
regions. The Q-values are normalized by the maximum in each stroke
phase. Positive W indicates the spanwise flow heading towards the
wing-tip, while negative W indicates the opposite direction. The
values of W are normalized by the mean wing-tip speed.