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Fig. 1. The model wing and the flapping motions. (A) Left: spatial configuration of
the flapping motion of the model wing. oxyz, the wing-fixed frame
(y-axis vertical to the ground); D and U, the translational extreme
positions; R, model wing length; r, effective model wing
length; 
, stroke amplitude; 
(t), instantaneous
translational angle. The thick black line denotes the leading edge. Right: the
motion of a section of the wing. 
(t), instantaneous angle of
attack; 
(t), instantaneous rotational angle
[(t)=90–(t)°]. The black thick line
denotes wing section and the solid-dot the leading edge. (B) The kinematic
curves in one period. The translational and rotational angular positions are
normalized using and M (the maximal rotational angle),
respectively. The black lines at t/T=0.125, 0.25 and 0.375
denote the DSPIV measurement phases.
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