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Figure 5


Fig. 5. Components of bending stress in the femur induced by muscles and GRF components from an individual cooter. All data are mean (±s.e.m.) stresses over N=21 trials. Stresses plotted are those occurring on the dorsal surface for forces acting to cause dorsoventral (DV) bending, and those occurring on the anterior surface for forces acting to cause anteroposterior (AP) bending. Tensile stress is positive and compressive stress is negative. `Muscles' indicates stresses induced by major muscle groups in the direction indicated; `external' indicates stresses induced by the GRF acting in the direction indicated; `axial' indicates stresses induced by the axial component of the GRF due to bone curvature in the direction indicated. Bending stresses induced by axial forces are very small and overlap along the zero line for the DV and AP directions. Note that the retractor moment generated by the GRF for most of stance (Fig. 4) precludes calculation of muscular contributions to AP bending stress in the femur, but that resulting stress underestimation is minimized to the extent possible (see Appendix).





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