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Fig. 3. Mean ground reaction force (GRF) dynamics of the right hindlimb from an
individual cooter. All plots show means (±s.e.m.) over N=21
trials. (A) Vertical, anteroposterior (AP) and mediolateral (ML) GRF
components in body weight (BW), with positive values indicating upward,
anterior and lateral forces, respectively (top to bottom). Axis scales differ
for these plots to provide increased resolution for the small AP and ML
forces. All trials were normalized to the same duration, allowing values to be
graphed against the fraction of time through the contact interval. (B) Limb
segment positions at the mean time of peak net GRF (41% contact) during a
representative step by P. concinna, with the direction and magnitude
of the GRF vector illustrated. The femur is highlighted by bolder lines; note
that it is foreshortened in lateral view. H, hip; K, knee; A, ankle. (C) AP
and ML orientations of the net GRF vector. AP angles were determined relative
to vertical at 0° (90° indicates GRF horizontal, pointing forwards;
<0° indicates posteriorly directed GRF). ML angles were determined
relative to vertical at 0° (positive values indicate laterally directed
GRF; negative values indicate medially directed GRF).
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