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Fig. 1. Bees provided with differential conditioning can learn to discriminate
between and recognise perceptually very similar complex natural stimuli. (A) A
target stimulus with which bees received differential conditioning. (B) A
distractor stimulus with which bees received differential conditioning. (C) A
novel distractor stimulus. (D–F) Fast Fourier transforms (FFT) of images
in A–C where vertical and horizontal axes show relative distribution of
low (towards the centre) and high spatial (towards the edges) information in
the respective images. The FFTs are almost identical (compared with images
M–O below) showing that there is an approximately equivalent
distribution of spatial information in the stimuli. (G–I) A
representation of the images in A–C, respectively, considering the
visual acuity of bee spatial vision which is approximately limited to viewing
frequencies less than about 0.3 cycles deg.–1. (J–L)
Angular high contrast geometric images including a diamond, square wave
grating and a figure `Y' that bees generalise to if only provided with
absolute conditioning (see text for references). (M–O) FFT of angular
high contrast geometric images (J–L) show relatively large differences
in the distribution of low and high spatial frequency information (compare
with D–F), but bees do not make use of this information to make
discriminations if provided with absolute conditioning.