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Figure 5


Fig. 5. Illustration of flight kinematics for each flight condition. Gray broken lines represent the horizontal. (A) From top down: stroke plane angle relative to the horizontal, stroke plane angle relative to body angle, and body angle for each condition. The body angle lines do not exactly correspond to the bird outlines because the outlines were made from actual (non-averaged) images from oblique camera views. (B) Lateral views of wingtip and wrist kinematics and mean observed flight angle for the setup condition. The wingtip path is more craniad for steeper flights. (C) Dorsal view of the wingtip and wrist kinematics. Mid-downstroke posture varied little across conditions, and the outline for level flight is shown for all.





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