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Fig. 4. Reconstruction of the vortex wake from a complete wingbeat at different
spanwise locations: (A) arm wing (X in Fig.
2), (B) mid-hand (Y in Fig.
2), (C) outer-hand (Z in Fig.
2), and (D) body (LR in Fig.
2). The mean flow has been subtracted so the reference frame is in
still air, as though the bird has passed from right to left. The spanwise
vorticity, 
y(x,z), is colour coded on a constant
scale, symmetric about 0 s–1. Velocity vectors are drawn with
1/3 of the actual density.
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