spacer gif spacer gif spacer gif spacer gif spacer gif
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


spacer gif
     Home     Help     Feedback     Subscriptions     Archive     Search     Table of Contents    

Right arrow Help viewing high resolution images
Right arrow Return to article

(Downloading may take up to 30 seconds.
If the slide opens in your browser, select File -> Save As to save it.)
Click on image to view larger version.


Figure 3


Fig. 3. (A) The wingbeat frequency, f, decreases with increasing flight speed, U, from 9.1 Hz at 8.0 m s–1 to 8.3 Hz at 9.2 m s–1. (B) Upper (u), lower (d) and total (tot) angular excursion, {theta}, of the wing in the vertical plane as a function of flight speed, U. The increase in {theta}tot(U) comes only from the increase in {theta}u(U). (C) Amplitude, A, normalized by mean chord length, c. (D) The downstroke duration, Td, increases with flight speed, U. The downstroke fraction, {tau}, does not vary with flight speed, U. (E) The wing angular velocity at mid-upstroke and -downstroke, Formula, does not vary greatly with flight speed, U. (F) Wing semispans, bu,d at mid-upstroke and -downstroke normalized by mean chord length (c) vs flight speed, U. Wing semispan does not vary with flightspeed. The span ratio, R, does not change with flight speed, U. Error bars represent ±s.e.m.





Right arrow Return to article