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Fig. 6. Effect of increasing the mass of the oscillating system on the thoracic
vibrations during flight (A–C), and during annoyance buzzing (D–F)
of 15 sling-tethered bees. (A,D) Main frequency; (B,E) velocity amplitude;
(C,F) displacement amplitude; –ma, bees before adding mass; +ma, bees
after gluing a tiny piece of lead onto the thorax. The additional mass almost
doubled that of the thorax. Asterisks indicate significant differences between
the treatments (paired t-test: P<0.05). See text for
statistics. Box plots indicate inter-quartile range (box), the median value
(horizontal line), 95% range (whiskers) and outliers of all data.