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Figure 1


Fig. 1. Stingless bees of the genus Melipona generate pulsed annoyance buzzing when tethered by a sling around their neck. (A) Sling-tethering method, showing the sling (S) formed by a nylon thread (T) guided through an injection needle (IN). Sy, syringe for fixing the thread. Vibrations were measured on the thorax (Tx), the distal mesothoracic femur (Fe), and the wingtips (Wt) using a laser vibrometer. Photo showing a sling-tethered worker of M. rufirentris. (B) The following parameters of the pulsed vibrations were analysed: velocity amplitude (VA), duration of single pulses (PD), and pulse sequence (PS). In addition the frequency spectra (C) provided the main frequency component (MF). (D) The displacement component (red line; DA: displacement amplitude) of the vibrations was derived by integrating the vibration velocity recorded by the laser vibrometer (black line).





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