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Fig. 3. Kinematic perturbations of cockroaches running on flat versus
rough terrain. While locomoting on rough terrain (blue traces), cockroaches
encountered perturbations in pitch (A), roll (B) and yaw (C) away from typical
patterns found during flat, unperturbed running (black traces). Due to small
misalignment of the cross introducing a constant offset, roll traces are
normalized around a baseline of zero. Yaw was also normalized to zero to
represent deviation from the straight-line path between beginning and ending
points during a single trial.