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Fig. 7. The left wing tip trajectories projected on the yoz plane in the
body-fixed coordinate frame. The data correspond to the time course in
Fig. 5B. Assuming that the
aerodynamic centre was located at a point 0.25 chord lengths behind the
leading edge (Milne-Thomson,
1973; Usherwood and Ellington,
2002), the deviation angles are shifted about 18° along the
local y-axis backwards to approximate the trajectories of force
application point. The wing tips at the ventral stroke reversals are indicated
by the colour-mapped circles to denote the 3AXM latency. The wing tips at the
dorsal side are marked by the dark grey squares, and the wing base is marked
by the black circle. The centre of gravity was estimated by the plumb bob
method for body (telemeter attached ventrally) only, neglecting the influence
of the relatively light wings.
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