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Figure 5


Fig. 5. Time courses for synchronizing analyses on EMG and kinematics. The EMG firing spikes are indicated by the solid arrowheads (for DLM) and open arrowheads (for DVM or 3AXM). Data markers denote different timings by different shapes: open squares for DLM firing timing, open circles for DVM and 3AXM firing timing, solid circles for ventral stroke reversal timing, solid squares for dorsal stroke reversal timing. The alternating white–grey strips are employed to discriminate the time of ventral stroke reversal. The span of the strips does not represent the wingstroke cycle defined by the DLM intervals in Fig. 3B. (A) One case of bilateral DLM–DVM recordings and analysis. The black curves in wing position, as a comparison, denote the flapping and deviation angles (both in inverse values) at the dorsal stroke reversals; solid and dashed lines for right and left side, respectively. (B) One case of left-side DLM–DVM–3AXM recordings and analysis. (C) One case of bilateral 3AXM recordings and analysis. Because of the absence of the DLM reference, only the bilateral latency difference is shown. a.u., arbitrary units.





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