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Figure 4


Fig. 4. Flight trajectory and body attitudes during obstacle avoidance manoeuvres (corresponding to the time course in Fig. 5A). Body attitude for every wingbeat of the captured sequence is indicated by the body-fixed frame, of which red, green and blue vectors represent the x-, y- and z-axis in Fig. 2B, respectively. The corresponding orthogonal projections are shown in black, with dots indicating the origins of local frames and lines the body axes (collinear with y-axis). The hawkmoth approached the target, performed an avoidance manoeuvre, and then accelerated away by backward flight. The grey arrow indicates the start of this recording.





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