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Fig. 2. Measured axes and angles in the pitch plane. (A) head axis (black) was a
line passing through the ear and the lower lip, neck axis (red) was a line
passing through the withers (3rd thoracic vertebra) and the ear, and trunk
axis (blue) was a line passing through the dock (tail base) and the withers.
(B) Head angle (
) and trunk angle (β) relative to space, and head
angle relative to the trunk (
). (C) Neck angle relative to space
(
), head angle relative to the neck (µ) and neck angle relative to
the trunk (
). Horizontal broken lines indicate the earth-horizontal
space reference.
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