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Figure 13


Fig. 13. Effect of bank angle and heading on the estimation of the expected centripetal acceleration due to the banked orientation of the body. (A) Posterior view of a bat performing a right turn. The net aerodynamic force (green vector) was estimated based on the bank angle ({phi}), the total vertical acceleration produced by the bat (ACoM,z), and assuming that the net aerodynamic force is produced perpendicular to the bank angle. (B) Superior view of a bat performing a right turn. Because the heading orientation of the body (blue line) does not necessarily match the direction of flight (orange vector), the centripetal acceleration due to the bank (Ac,bank) must be corrected by the difference between heading and bearing angle ({psi}–Formula). (C) Observed (Ac,total, red trace) and the estimated centripetal acceleration from bank (Ac,bank, blue trace) throughout a standardized wingstroke. Gray trace corresponds to the difference Ac,total–Ac,bank. The width of the traces represents the means ± 95% CI (confidence interval) (N=32) and the shaded bar corresponds to the downstroke period.





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