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Fig. 1. (A) Double canister flapping foil actuator design with the foil and the
inline AMTI six-axis force sensor assembly between the pitch canister and the
foil. The distance from center of roll axis to root of foil is indicated by
r0; S is the foil span. (B) Foil motion
coordinate system. The freestream flow is in the Yc
direction and Zc is oriented in the opposite direction
from gravity. Roll,
(t), is constrained to the
Xc–Zc plane and pitch,
(t), is an angular motion about the foil shaft.