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First published online September 19, 2008
Journal of Experimental Biology 211, 3167-3173 (2008)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2008
doi: 10.1242/jeb.019646

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Effects of [Ca²⁺]_i and pH on epithelial Na⁺ channel activity of cultured mouse cortical collecting ducts

Yuchun Gu

Department of Physiology, University of Birmingham, The Medical School, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK

e-mail: y.gu{at}bham.ac.uk

Accepted 7 August 2008

	Summary

TOP Summary INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION References

 
[Ca²⁺]_i and pH have been demonstrated to affect Na⁺ transport in epithelium mediated via the apical epithelial Na⁺ channel (ENaC). However, it still remains unclear whether the effects of [Ca²⁺]_i and intracellular pH (pH_i) on ENaC activity are direct. In this study, inside-out recording was employed to clarify the effects of pH_i and [Ca²⁺]_i on ENaC activity. We found that elevation of [Ca²⁺]_i induced a significant inhibition of ENaC open probability without altering channel conductance. The inhibitory effect was due to a direct interaction between Ca²⁺ and ENaC, and is dependent on [Ca²⁺]_i. pH_i also directly regulated ENaC open probability. Lower pH_i (<7.0) reduced the ENaC open probability as shown in shorter opening time, and higher pH_i (>7.0) enhanced the ENaC open probability as shown in augmented opening time. pH_i did not cause any alteration in channel conductance. The effects of pH_i on ENaC open probability could be summarized as an S-shaped curve around pH 7.2.

Key words: calcium, epithelial sodium channel, pH

	INTRODUCTION

TOP Summary INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION References

 
Transport of Na⁺ across epithelial cells in kidney collecting ducts occurs via apical amiloride-sensitive epithelial Na⁺ channels (ENaCs) and coupled basolateral Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase. ENaC activity is regulated by a variety of hormones, e.g. aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH), as well as by the luminal contents (Blokkebak-Poulsen et al., 1991; Palmer and Frindt, 1987). A millimolar concentration of Ca²⁺ intravesicularly was found to block the amiloride-sensitive ²²Na⁺ flux in rabbit kidney tubule. This inhibitory effect of Ca²⁺ was dependent on pH (Blokkebak-Poulsen et al., 1991) and probably due to increase of [Ca²⁺]_i (Chase and Al-Awqati, 1981). However, other cations, Cd²⁺, Ba²⁺ and Mg²⁺, in millimolar concentrations only slightly inhibited ²²Na⁺ influx. [Ca²⁺]_i elevation in tubule cells is mediated by either Ca²⁺ release from internal store or Ca²⁺ uptake across the apical membrane via different calcium channels (Brunette et al., 2004; Leclerc et al., 2004) (Brunette and Leclerc, 2002), and is proportional to the outward Na⁺ gradient (Chase and Al-Awqati, 1981). Ca²⁺ as an important second messenger, has been implicated to inhibit ENaCs (Wang and Chan, 2000). In particular, increase in cytoplasmic Ca²⁺ results in decrease of apical Na⁺ permeability in the frog skin (Grinstein and Erlij, 1978), toad urinary bladder (Brem et al., 1985; Palmer, 1985; Taylor et al., 1987) and the rabbit cortical collecting tubule (Frindt et al., 1993; Frindt and Windhager, 1990; Windhager et al., 1986). However, it is still unclear whether this inhibition is due to a direct effect. Studies on planar bilayers concluded that cytoplasmic Ca²⁺ can inhibit ENaCs by direct interaction (Ismailov et al., 1997) whereas investigations using A6 cells (Ling et al., 1997) and rat CCD cells (Palmer and Frindt, 1987) suggest cytoplasmic Ca²⁺ inhibits ENaCs by indirect interaction and through other second messengers. So far, there has been little work carried out to address this issue in a native cell line, which endogenously expresses the ENaC.

Protons have long been recognized to affect epithelial Na⁺ absorption. Trans epithelial Na⁺ transport rate is increased by intracellular alkalization but decreased by intracellular acidosis (Blokkebak-Poulsen et al., 1991; Harvey et al., 1988; Lyall et al., 1995). Controversially, in toad bladder, acidification of the cytoplasm can stimulate Na⁺ transport (Garty et al., 1987; Leaf et al., 1964). Electrophysiology experiments based on transfected oocytes and A6 cells demonstrated that the subunit of ENaC is directly regulated by pH_i (Chalfant et al., 1999) and a reduction of pH_i decreased ENaC activity. However, amiloride-sensitive Na⁺ fluxes in toad urinary bladder are not affected by changes in pH_i over the range of pH 7–8, suggesting a indirect regulation mechanism by pH_i (Garty and Asher, 1985). It is postulated that pH exerts its effect by altering the inhibitory effect of Ca²⁺ on ENaC (Blokkebak-Poulsen et al., 1991). Therefore, in this study, inside-out recording were employed to elucidate the direct effects of [Ca²⁺]_i and pH_i on ENaC activity of cultured mouse cortical collecting ducts.

	MATERIALS AND METHODS

TOP Summary INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION References

 
Cell culture
M1 cells (mouse kidney cortical collecting duct cells) at the 21st passage were purchased from the European Collection of Cell Cultures (Salisbury, UK). Cells were grown on the medium containing DMEM:Ham's F12 medium (1:1; Sigma, Ayrshire, UK), 2 mmol l^–1 glutamine (Gibco, Paisley, UK), 5 µmol l^–1 dexamethasone (Sigma) and 5% FBS (Sigma) in an incubator at 37°C and 5% CO₂. Aldosterone (1.5 µmol l^–1; Sigma) was added to the culture medium 24 h before experimentation to enhance ENaC expression. When cells in the culture flasks reached 70% confluence, they were seeded at low density onto either coverslips or culture inserts (BD, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA).

Single channel patch clamp recording
Single channel recordings were performed as previously described (Gorelik et al., 2005). Briefly, M1 cells on a coverslip or insert were placed into a recording chamber mounted on a Nikon inverted microscope (Nikon TE 2000U). Patch pipettes with a resistance of 7M were fabricated from borosilicate glass capillaries (1.5 o.d., 0.86 i.d.; Warner, Reading, UK) on a Sutter Puller (P97; Novato, CA, USA). Bath solution A contained (in mmol l^–1): 110 NaCl, 4.5 KCl, 1 MgCl₂, 1 CaCl₂, 5 Hepes, 5 Na-Hepes, pH 7.2. Bath solution B used in the pH_i experiments contained (in mmol l^–1): 110 NaCl, 4.5 KCl, 1 MgCl₂, 5 Hepes, 5 Na-Hepes, EGTA 0.1. The pH was adjusted by addition of NaOH or HCl. In solution B, free [Ca²⁺]_i was maintained at a concentration of 2 µmol l^–1. Total CaCl₂ required in solution B, corresponding to different pHs, was calculated using a standard equation (WEBMAXC STANDARD, version 21/05/2007, Stanford, CA, USA). The pipette solution contained (in mmol l^–1): 110 NaCl, 4.5 KCl, 0.1 EGTA, 5 Hepes, 5 Na-Hepes, pH 7.2. Different concentrations of Ca²⁺ for the bath media were calculated using the WEBMAXC equation (version 21/05/2007, Stanford). EGTA (200 nmol l^–1) were used as the chelator. All media were made on the day of experiments. Currents were recorded with an Axon (Sunnyvale, CA, USA) 1D amplifier and Axon Clampex 9.0. The data were acquired at 20 KHz and filtered with 5 kHz of low pass filter. The channel events were analyzed using pClampfit 9.0 (Axon; single channel search in analyze function). Data was further filtered at 200 Hz before analysis. The 50% threshold cross method was utilized to determine valid channel openings. When multiple channel events were observed in each patch, the total number of functional channels (N) in the patch was determined by observing the number of peaks detected on all point amplitude histograms. NP_o, the product of the number of channels and the open probability, or the open probability (P_o), itself was used to measure the channel activity within a patch. The NP_o was calculated according to the method of Yue et al. (Yue et al., 2002). Because the recording membrane patch usually contained multiple channels, in most cases the changes in NP_o (but not P_o) were directly observed and compared. Owing to the variance of channel open probability, the first 2–3 min single channel recording (inside-out recording) in normal bath medium was usually used as the control. In experiments in which Ca²⁺ or pH were altered, the NP_o under the different conditions was directly compared with the NP_o of the control. The above ratio was employed to determine the effects of Ca²⁺ or pH on ENaC activity. In some cases the NP_o of the ENaCs during modifications of Ca²⁺ and pH was compared to that of ENaCs in normal medium when modified medium was washed off. The data were utilized to confirm observations. The data are presented as means ± s.e.m., and the statistical differences were compared using Student's paired t-test, taking P<0.05 as significant.

View larger version (30K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) currents revealed by single channel recording from cultured M1 cells. (A) In a cell-attached recording, inward currents were recorded when the pipette voltage (Vp) was held at +20 mV and +40 mV. (B) In an inside-out recording, the single channel currents were detected when the pipette voltage was held at +100 mV and +60 mV. (C) In an outside-out recording, the currents were monitored when the pipette voltage was held at –60 mV. Bath application of 5 µmol l–1 amiloride almost abolished the ENaC currents. The currents were reversed when amiloride was washed off. c indicates the closing level.

	RESULTS

TOP Summary INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION References

[Ca²⁺]_i directly inhibited ENaC activity
In a cell-attached recording, [Ca²⁺]_i elevation caused by application of 1 µmol l^–1 tharpsigargin (TG), induced an inhibitory effect on ENaC activity (Fig. 2), shown as a short opening time for ENaC currents (N=6). In inside-out recordings, changes in the cytoplasmic Ca²⁺ concentration significantly altered ENaC activity (Fig. 3). The maximum open probability of ENaCs was seen when [Ca²⁺]_i was below 500 nmol l^–1 (N=11). The ENaC P_o was reduced following the [Ca²⁺]_i elevation. The inhibitory effect of [Ca²⁺]_i on ENaC was saturated at 100 µmol l^–1 Ca²⁺ (N=11).

View larger version (12K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Effect of elevation of [Ca2+]i on ENaC activity. The top panel shows single channel currents were detected when the pipette voltage was held at +20 mV, in a cell-attached recording. After the cell was incubated with 1 µmol l–1 thapsigargin (TG) for 5 min, ENaC activity were reduced as shown in the lower trace.

View larger version (30K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Direct effects of [Ca2+]i on ENaC activity. In an inside-out recording, 500 nmol l–1 Ca2+ led to maximum ENaC open probability (Po) and even 5 µmol l–1 Ca2+ exerted significant inhibition on ENaC Po. The inhibitory effect of Ca2+ on ENaC activity depended on the Ca2+ concentration. In the lower panels selected currents are shown on an expanded time scale.

High intracellular pH enhanced ENaC open probability
When cytoplasmic pH rose from 7.2 to 7.6 or 8.0, ENaC open probability significantly increased (Fig. 4) to 195.7±19.8% (N=6) or 231.1±25.3% (N=7) of the control P_o in a reverse manner. This enhancing effect occurred rapidly when the pH of the medium was increased. A change in single channel conductance with increasing pH_i was not been observed in our experimental conditions.

View larger version (34K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Effect of high pHi on ENaC activity. In inside-out recordings, with pHi at 7.6 (A) and 8 (B), channel activity was significantly enhanced. This effect was reversed when pHi was returned to 7.2. The lower traces in each panel show the currents on an expanded time scale, as indicated by the bars.

View larger version (22K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Effect of low pHi on ENaC activity. In inside-out recordings, with pHi at 6.8 (A) and 6.2 (B), channel activity was significantly decreased. This effect was reversed when pHi was returned to 7.2. The lower traces in each panel show the currents on an expanded time scale, as indicated by the bars.

View larger version (25K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Effect of pHi on ENaC activity. In an inside-out recording, low pHi significantly and reversibly reduced ENaC activity whereas high pHi reversibly enhanced ENaC activity. Lower traces show selected parts of the current recordings as indicated (1–8).

View larger version (2K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 7. A summary of pHi effect on ENaC activity. The open probability (NPo) values at each pH are normalized to that at pH 7.2.

	DISCUSSION

TOP Summary INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION References

In order to simplify the experimental conditions, media providing 115 mmol l^–1 Na⁺ (Canessa et al., 1994) across the membrane were used in most of our excised membrane recording, e.g. inside-out and outside-out recordings. This made it easy to determine the electrical potential across the membrane (V_m) and channel conductance. The disadvantage of this protocol is that it does not mimic the physiological condition of the cytoplasm. Nevertheless, it is possible to study the ion channel kinetics of a patch of excised membrane in an isolated artificial environment. Because Ca²⁺ was included in the cytoplasmic medium in inside-out recordings, short opening and closing times () of ENaCs were observed. By contrast, long opening and closing times of these channels in the range of seconds were observed in a cell-attached recording (Benos et al., 1995; Ismailov et al., 1995; Ismailov et al., 1997). In this study another protocol was also employed, using 100 nmol l^–1 Ca²⁺ in the cytoplasmic medium. In this case, it was difficult to determine the presence of ENaCs in the patch of membrane because of invisible current transition, which could be interpreted as channel full opening, channel intermittent silence or channel absence. We therefore included 2µmol l^–1 Ca²⁺ in the cytoplasmic medium to determine the ENaC currents by current transition. Such concentration of [Ca²⁺]_i might be found in nature in cells under activation. In order to clarify the effects of a variety of pH_i on ENaC, we fixed the cytoplasmic Ca²⁺ at a certain level. Although inside-out recordings have minimal cytoplasmic effects, there are still some factors associated with ENaCs that could exert unexpected effects on ENaC activities. The conclusion in this study is primarily based on current knowledge of macro-structures of ENaCs and signalling pathways.

Our results are inconsistent with previous studies on rat collecting duct (Palmer and Frindt, 1987), which found free Ca²⁺ in the cytoplasm has no effect on the ENaC activity. Their results suggested that Ca²⁺ does not interact with ENaCs directly, and [Ca²⁺]_i elevation causes the inhibition of ENaC activity through an indirect process, for example alterations in pH_i, activation of calmodulin, PKC and prostaglandin (Palmer and Frindt, 1987). In their experiments, Ca²⁺ ionophore ionomycin was used to elevate [Ca²⁺]_i. Ionomycin can cause damage to the membrane, alter pH_i as a result of ionophore-mediated 2H⁺/Ca²⁺ exchange (Erdahl et al., 1994) and induce an apoptotic cascade. The profound effects of ionomycin could be reflected in their inconsistent observations: ionomycin failed to enhance ENaC in first minute in half of their experiments. In this study, TG was therefore employed to enhance [Ca²⁺]_i without causing damage to cell membrane structure and cell activity. Our results are consistent when cytoplasmic Ca²⁺ was increased by either TG in intact cells or bath perfusion in inside-out recordings, suggesting intracellular Ca²⁺ does affect ENaC activity. The obvious explanation for the discrepancy with the previous study could be a difference in biological samples, since the previous study was performed in CCD ducts freshly isolated from rat whereas cultured mouse CCD cells was used in this study. Our results agreed with observations in frog skin (Ussing and Zerahn, 1951), membrane vesicles derived from toad bladder (Garty and Asher, 1985), mammalian ENaC in bilayers (Ismailov et al., 1995; Ismailov et al., 1997) and MDCK cells expressing rat ENaCs (Ishikawa et al., 1998).

The inhibitory effect of intracellular Ca²⁺ on ENaCs could be either a direct interaction between Ca²⁺ (Ling and Eaton, 1989) and ENaCs or an indirect mechanism, e.g. via protein kinase C (PKC) (Awayda et al., 1996; Ling and Eaton, 1989). Inhibition of ENaC activity by PKC is due to direct phosphorylation of ENaC subunits. Activation of PKC generally requires Ca²⁺, diacylglycerol and phospholipid. However, inhibition of ENaCs is still observed when other components except Ca²⁺ are free in the inside-out recordings, implying that cytoplasmic Ca²⁺, in addition to PKC, can directly inhibit ENaCs. Additionally, the inhibitory effect of Ca²⁺ on ENaC is almost instant when cytoplasmic Ca²⁺ is altered. This observation also supports the direct interaction between Ca²⁺ and ENaCs. Our observation is consistent to other conclusions obtained from planar bilayers (Ismailov et al., 1995) and in mouse endometrial epithelium (Wang and Chan, 2000).

Many pathways or mechanisms (Zeiske et al., 1999) could lead to alternations in pH_i, which consequently regulate ENaC activity. For example, natriferic hormones mediate the activities of the Na⁺/H⁺ exchanger, H⁺-ATPase, H⁺/K⁺-ATPase and H⁺ conductive pathways in epithelial cells, resulting in the change in pH_i (Johanson and Murphy, 1990; Lyall et al., 1994; Lyall and Biber, 1995; Lyall et al., 1995). The changes in pH_i act as an intermediate in the second messenger cascade initiated by the hormones to regulate Na⁺ uptake (Lyall et al., 1994; Lyall and Biber, 1994; Lyall et al., 1997; Stewart et al., 1998). Although alternations in pH_o do not directly regulate ENaC activity in the short term (<10 min), high or low pH_o (Lyall et al., 1997) might affect the activity of Na⁺/H⁺-ATPase (Korbmacher et al., 1988; Shimada and Hoshi, 1987; Wolosin et al., 1988) and the H⁺ conductive pathways (Lyall and Biber, 1994; Prigent et al., 1985), resulting in the changes in pH_i. Consistent with previous reports (Palmer and Frindt, 1987; Zeiske et al., 1999), decrease of pH_i inhibits ENaC activity. In addition, pH_o has also been shown to affect ENaC activity but in a long-term manner (Awayda et al., 2000). The possible explanations are focused upon the elevation in [Ca²⁺]_i in the medium or alternation in interaction of Ca²⁺ and ENaCs due to changes in pH_o. The ability of Ca²⁺ to inhibit Na⁺ uptake in toad bladder was greatly reduced by decreasing pH_i from 7.4 to 7.0 (Garty et al., 1987). In this case, it would be expected that a decrease of pH_i may relieve the inhibition of the channel by Ca²⁺. However, our finding is opposite to that in toad bladder. The inhibitory effects of Ca²⁺ and H⁺ on ENaCs are probably superimposed on each other.

In our experiments, pH7.2 was used as the normal pH_i. According to the literature, standard cellular pH_i varies from cell to cell. In rabbit collecting duct, normal pH_i is 7.28 (Satlin, 1994) and pH_i decreases to 6.5 with `acid loading' (Chaillet et al., 1985). Measurements of pH_i in a variety of mammalian skeletal muscle preparations indicate pH_i is mostly in the range of 6.8 to 7.1 and the normal pH_i in liver cells is about 7.00 (Park et al., 1979). In medullar collecting duct of hamster, normal pH_i is 6.97 and amiloride was found to completely inhibit Na⁺-dependent pH_i recovery (Matsushima et al., 1990). Nevertheless, our results show increasing pH_i enhances ENaC activity whereas decreasing pH_i reduces ENaC activity.

In summary, pH_i and [Ca²⁺]_i could directly interact with the ENaC to regulate its activity by altering the open probability without changing conductance. Elevation of [Ca²⁺]_i directly reduces the ENaC P_o. In the cytoplasmic membrane, acidification can reduce ENaC P_o whereas high pH_i enhances ENaC P_o.

	Acknowledgments

 
This work was partly supported by a BBSRC grant no. BB/D524032.

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